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JOURNAL 

CONTAINING 
AN ACCURATE AXD INTERESTING ACCOUNT 

OF THE 

HARDSHIPS, SUFFERINGS, BATTLES, DEFEAT, 
AND CAPTIVITY 

OF THOSE HEROIC 

KENTUCKY 
VOLUNTEERS AND REGULARS, 

COMMANDED BT * 

GENERAL WINCHESTER, 
In the Years 1812-13. 

ALSO, 

TWO NARRATIVES, 

BY MEN THAT WERE WOUNDED IN THE BATTLES ON THE PJVER 
RAISIN, AND TAKEN CAPTIVE BY THE INDIANS. 



BY ELIAS DARNELL. 



PHILADELPHIA: 

LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO, AND CO. 
1854. 



^ .2. 



PHILADELPHIA: 
T. K. AND P. G. COLLINS, PRINTERS. 



PREFACE. 



The author of this Journal wrote it for his 
own satisfaction. When he returned home, 
he was induced to show it to a number of 
his acquaintances for their information. Se- 
veral, on whose judgment he could rely, re- 
quested him to publish it to the world. He 
begs leave simply to remark that he was an 
eye and ear witness to many things he has 
narrated. He has represented things as he 
understood and remembered them. Other 
facts he obtained from testimony in which he 
could fully confide. It is worthy of remark 
that witnesses of probity, in giving their tes- 
timony in courts respecting the same things, 
often differ from one another as to many 
circumstances, owing to their different capa- 
cities, positions, and the like. It may be ex- 
pected, therefore, that some who were in the 



4 PREFACE. 

army, may not exactly agree with the author 
in all things stated in this Journal. Let that 
be as it may, he is conscious that he sought 
the most correct information, and that he 
endeavored to communicate it in a plain, 
perspicuous style. If he has made any im- 
portant mistakes, should those interested 
convince him of them, in a friendly way, he 
will use the best means in his power to cor- 
rect them. 

As to the narratives subjoined to this 
Journal, they are short, and he thinks, inte- 
resting. He is acquainted with Mr. Daven- 
port, and believes him to be a man of veracity. 
He had no acquaintance with Mr. Mallary 
before he applied to him for his narrative. 
His acquaintances will best know what credit 
ought to be given to him. 

The gentlemen who gave the narratives, 
it is obvious, are the only persons resj^onsihle 
for the truth of them. 

The whole is, with diffidence, submitted to 
the candor of a generous public, by 

ELIAS DARNELL. 



JOURNAL OF THE CAMPAIGN, 



For a few years past differences existed 
between the United States of America and 
the Kingdom of Great Britain. Every pos- 
sible means had been nsed on the part of the 
executive and legislative departments of the 
general government of the United States, to 
adjust those differences upon honorable and 
equitable terms. But Great Britain treated 
every reasonable proposition with haughti- 
ness and contempt, and still persisted in vio- 
lating the just rights of the Americans, by 
committing depredations on the high seas, 
and by impressing the citizens of the United 
States into the service of his Majesty, and 
employing the savages to murder the defence- 
less inhabitants of the frontiers. The United 
States having long borne these outrages with 
great patience, at length wearied with insults, 

1* 



6 Winchester's campaign. 

resorted to the last and most painful alterna- 
tive of declaring war (which was done on 
the 18th of June, 1812) ; and the government 
having called for volunteers, more than the 
quota of this State rallied round their coun- 
try's standard, ready to assist in a vigorous 
prosecution of the war, in order to hasten a 
speedy and honorable peace. 

General Hull having been appointed by 
the general government to take possession of 
part of Upper Canada, his forces, amounting 
to about 8,000, not being considered suffi- 
cient to execute that design, three regiments 
of volunteer infantry and one regiment of 
United States infantry, amounting in all to 
about 2,300, were called and destined to his 
assistance. 

Agreeably to a general order, the follow- 
ing regiments rendezvoused at Georgetown, 
August 15, 1812, to wit: — 

The first regiment was commanded by 
Colonel John M. Scott, the fifth regiment was 
commanded by Colonel William Lewis, the 
first rifle regiment by Colonel John Allen, 
the 17th United States regiment by Colonel 
Samuel Wells ; the whole under the command 
of Brigadier-General Payne. 

16th. The troops paraded early in the 
morning, and were received by Governor 
Scott. We paraded again at 10 o'clock, and 
marched to a convenient place in close order, 



Winchester's campaign. 7 

where the Rev. Mr. Blythe preached a short 
sermon, and the Honorable Henry Clay de- 
livered an appropriate discourse. 

11th. The troops were inspected by Major 
Garrard. 

18^/z. We drew two months' pay in ad- 
vance. There being a general complaint 
amongst the volunteers respecting sixteen 
dollars, which were expected to be drawn in 
lieu of clothing. Major Graves paraded his 
battalion, and gave them their choice to go 
on without the sixteen dollars, or return 
home. Six chose to return ; these, to fix an 
odium upon them, were drummed out of 
camp and through town. 

l^th. We commenced our march in high 
spirits to join General Hull at Detroit, or in 
Canada. Each regiment, for convenience and 
speed, marched separately to Newport. We 
arrived at Newport the 24th ; it is 80 miles 
from Georgetown. It rained most of the 
time, which made it disagreeable travelling 
and encamping. These hardships tended a 
little to quench the excessive patriotic flame 
that had blazed so conspicuously at the dif- 
ferent musters and barbecues. 

Here we received information of General 
Hull having^ surrendered Detroit and Michi- 
gan Territory to General Brock, on the 15th 
of this instant, while in possession of the ne- 
cessary means to have held that post against 



8 Winchester's campaign. 

the forces of Upper Canada * This we could 
not believe nntil confirmed by handbills and 
good authority ; when thus confirmed, it ap- 
peared to make serious impressions on the 
minds of officers and privates. Those high 
expectations of participating with General 
Hull in the laurels to be acquired by the 
conquest of Maiden and Upper Canada, were 
entirely abandoned. 

We drew our arms and accoutrements, and 
crossed the Ohio on the 27th. Our destiny 
was thought to be Fort Wayne. 

The following general order will show 
some of the evolutions which were performed 
by this army while on its march. 

* To prove that this surrender was not in consequence 
of the want of ammunition and provisions, it is sufficient 
to state, upon the authority of official information, that 
there were thirty-three pieces of cannon, twenty-five of 
which were brass and eight iron, which were well manned 
and supplied with ammunition. 

For the muskets, seventy-five thousand cartridges were 
made up, besides twenty-four rounds in the cartouch-box 
of each man. 

In the magazine were sixty barrels of powder, and one 
hundred and fifty tons of lead. 

In the contractor's store were at least twenty-five days' 
provision; and in the adjacent country considerable sup- 
plies could have been had, besides three hundred head of 
cattle, under an escort commanded by Captain Brush, at 
the River Raisin. 

An Ohio Volunteer. 



Winchester's campaign. 9 

"Headquarters, Cincinnati, August 2^, 1812. 

'^The troops will commence their march 
in the direction to Dayton, by Lebanon, at 
an early hour to-morrow morning. The 
generale will be beat instead of the reveille ; 
the tents will then be struck, the baggage 
loaded, and the line of march taken up as 
soon as possible. 

"The commandants of the several corps 
will immediately commence drilling their 
men to the performance of the evolutions 
contemplated by the commander-in-chief, for 
the order of march and battle. The principal 
feature in all these evolutions is that of a 
battalion changing its direction by swinging 
on its centre. This, however, is not to be done 
by wheeling, which, by a large body in the 
woods, is impracticable. It is to be formed 
thus : the battalion being on its march in a 
single rank, and its centre being ascertained, 
the front division comes to the right about, 
excepting the man in the rear of that division 
who steps two paces to the right, at the same 
time the front man of the second division 
takes a position about four feet to the left of 
the man in the rear of the front division, and 
dresses with him in a line at right angles to 
the line of march. These two men acting as 
marks or guides for the formation of the new 
alignment at the word — Form the new align- 
ment, March ! the men of the front division 



10 Winchester's campaign. 

file round their guide, and form in succession 
on his right. At the same time the men of 
the rear division file np in succession to the 
left of the guide, and dress in a line with him 
and the guide of the front division. This 
manoeuvre may be performed by any num- 
ber of men, by company and platoon as well 
as battalion. 

" Wm. H. Harrison, 

^^ Major- General Commanding.^'' 

Z\st. General Harrison overtook the army 
between Lebanon and Dayton. He was re- 
ceived joyfully by all the troops as com- 
mander-in-chief, with three cheers. 

Septemher 1. The army arrived at Dayton, 
fifty miles from Cincinnati, and was saluted 
by the firing of cannon. One of the men 
who were firing the cannon got one of his 
hands shot off, and the other badly wounded. 
"We arrived at Piqua, September 3, thirty 
miles from Dayton, on the Big Miami. 

4ith. Eeceived information of the critical 
situation of Fort Wayne. Colonel Allen's* 
regiment and two companies from Colonel 
Lewis's, drew tAventy-four rounds of ammu- 
nition, and started with all possible speed to 
the relief of that fort. 

bth. General Harrison having paraded the 

* Colonel Allen stopped at St. Mary's for the remain- 
ing part of the army. 



Winchester's campaign. 11 

remaining part of the army in a circle in close 
order, delivered a speech to them, stating 
that he had just received intelligence from 
Fort Wayne ; that it was in great danger of 
being taken by the Indians and British ; he 
said that we were under the necessity of 
making a forced march to their relief. He 
read some of the articles of war, and stated 
the absolute necessity of such regulations and 
restrictions in an army, and if there were any 
who could not feel willing to submit to those 
articles and go on ^vith him they might then 
return home. One man belonging to Colonel 
Scott's regiment made a choice of returning 
home, rather than submit to those terms. 
Some of his acquaintances got a permit to 
escort him part of the way home. Two of 
them got him upon a rail and carried him to 
the river ; a crowd followed after ; they duck - 
ed him several times in the water, and washed 
away all his patriotism. 

Qth. We marched at 12 o'clock — we left 
all our sick and part of our clothing and 
baggage at Piqua, in order to make as much 
speed as possible. On the morning of the 
8th, three miles from St. Mary's, one of Cap- 
tain M'Gowen's company was accidentally 
shot through the body by one of the senti- 
nels; the surgeon thought it mortal."^ We 

* He died in a few days. 



12 wixchester's campaign. 

marched four miles and encamped near tlie 
Biver St. Mary's, one mile from the fort. 
General Harrison called the army together 
and stated, through emergency, we must be 
on half rations of flour for a few days, but 
should draw a ration and a half of beef, as 
he wished to go as light and as quick as pos- 
sible. He said, " any who do not feel willing 
to go on these terms may remain at the fort 
and have plenty." I know of none that 
stayed. St. Mary's block-house is thirty miles 
from Piqua, on the Kiver St. Mary's. 

9 til. We marched through some first-rate 
woodland, and through a large prairie of the 
best quality. It is badly watered ; the water 
in the wagon-ruts was the only drink Ave 
could get to cool our scorching thirst, and 
but very little of that. We encamped near 
the Kiver St. Mary's, eighteen miles from the 
fort. At 11 o'clock and at 3 we were alarmed 
by the sentinels firing several guns; we 
formed in order of battle, and stood so fifteen 
minutes. 

The following extract of a general order is 
designed to show the order of battle for night 
and day attack. 

" Headquarteks, 
^^ Second Crossing of St. Mary's, Sept. 10, 1812. 

" The signal for a general charge will be 
beating the long-roll. Officers and men will 
be upon their arms and in their clothes. 



Winchester's campaign. 13 

" Two or more guns firing in succession 
will constitute an alarm, at whicli the whole 
army will parade in the order of encamp- 
ment (that is, in a hollow square), unless 
otherwise directed. When a sentinel dis- 
charges his gun in the night the officer of 
the guard to whom he belongs will imme- 
diately ascertain the cause, and should he 
have sufficient reason to believe, on an ex- 
amination, that an enemy is near, he will 
cause two guns to be fired in quick succes- 
sion. Should the firing of a sentinel appear 
to have proceeded from a cause not sufficient 
to give an alarm, the officer of the guard will 
immediately call out ^ all is icell^ which will 
be repeated through the army. The same 
thing will take place upon an accidental fire 
made in the day, 

" The order of battle for rear attack will 
be so far attended with regard to the rear 
line ; the rear battalions of Colonel Lewis's 
regiment and Colonel Allen's only are to 
turn upon their centre, while the heads of 
the front battalions are to close up the front 
lines, then, facing from the centre, march out 
until they respectively gain the flanks of the 
front line. Should the attack • be in front, 
the senior officer nearest the flank battalion 
will judge of the propriety of bringing up 
that battalion to form on the flank of the 
front line. The second battalion of Colonel 



14 Winchester's campaign. 

Lewis's and Colonel Allen's regiments will, 
in all cases, close up as the leading battalions 
shall advance, and make room for tliem. 
Captain Garrard's troop, forming tlie rear 
guard, will also close up and act as circum- 
stances may require. 

''Wm. H, Harrison, 
'* Major- General Commanding. ^^ 

10th. The order of march for the infantry 
was as follows : the first and fifth res^iments 
formed one line in single file on the left, two 
hundred yards from the road, the 17th United 
States and the rifle reo^iments on the risrht in 
the same manner. The baggage in the road. 
The order of march for the horse troops: 
One of Colonel Adams's battalions of Ohio 
volunteers was placed at the distance of half 
a mile in front of the columns of infantry, 
and marched in columns of companies in , 
files, and in such open order as to cover the 
whole front of the army. The other batta- 
lion of Ohio volunteers formed the right 
flank guard of the army, at the distance of 
three hundred yards from the column of in- 
fantry, and parallel to it. The Kentucky 
mounted riflemen on the left, the same dis- 
tance from the left column of infantry for 
the left flank guard ; Captain Garrard's troop 
formed the rear guard. We marched twelve 
miles. 



Winchester's campaign. '^5 

11^/^ The spies wounded an Indian and 
got his gun and blanket; our day's march 
was eleven miles; we stopped earlier than 
usual in order to make breastworks, and be- 
cause it was a convenient place for water. 
We fortified this place very strongly with 
timber. At 11 o'clock the camp was alarmed 
by the firing of many guns by the sentinels. 
The whole army was formed in quick time, 
the horse troops being in the centre ready 
to assist any line or to obey any order which 
might be given. One half of the men were 
dismissed and retired to their tents for one 
hour, then they relieved the first half. At 3 
o'clock another alarm took place from the 
sentinels, a general parade was again made. 
We stood in order of battle for some time. 
The watchword was ''''fight on^^^ after which 
this place was called " Fort Fight On." 

12th. We continued our march towards 
Fort Wayne with as much caution as the 
nature of our hurrying would admit ; we ex- 
pected to meet with the enemy before we 
reached the fort. In a certain well-known 
swamp, through which we had to pass, we 
thought probably the enemy would harbor. 
We passed the swamp unmolested for a mile, 
we were then alarmed. The rear battalions 
formed in order of battle, but saw no enemy 
to fight ; we immediately resumed our march. 
This alarm and the one the night preceding 



16 winchestee's campaign. 

seemed to shake tlie boasted valor of some of 
our bravest heroes. 

This day's march was twenty miles to 
Fort Wayne, through a great deal of first- 
rate land, rich, level, and well timbered, but 
badly watered near the road; we suffered 
extremely for water these three days. Our 
arrival at this fort gave great joy to the in- 
habitants, who were one company of regular 
troops and a few families. The Indians had 
closely invested the fort for several days, and 
burned the United States factory and all the 
other valuable houses which were not inside 
of the stockading. Three of our men who 
were caught out of the fort were killed by 
the Indians. The Indians encamped about 
the fort two weeks before they made the 
attack on it, and were admitted in by Captain 
Eay, the commanding officer of the garrison, 
who Avould have surrendered to the savages, 
had it not been for his lieutenant, who de- 
fended the fort with great bravery. Three 
Indians were killed and a few wounded. 
Captain Eay was arrested and would have 
been broken had he not resigned. The fort 
was well provided for a siege, having in it 
one hundred men, plenty of provisions, am- 
munition, four small pieces of cannon, and a 
good well of water. 

Fort Wayne is one of the most elegant 
situations I ever saw, and must be an im- 



WINCHESTER S CAMPAIGN. 17 

porta nt place to tlie United States. Three 
weeks ago the neigliborhood around the fort 
would have exhibited a pleasing prospect to 
those who had seen nothing for several days 
but a dreary wilderness of one hundred miles. 
A number of well-cultivated farms, with neat 
houses, in view of the fort, would have ex- 
cited emotions of pleasure. I suppose there ' 
were four hundred acres of land in cultiva- 
tion. All the houses were reduced to ashes, 
together with a large quantity of small grain 
and hay, by the savages; they were princi- 
pally Potto watomies ; they also destroyed all 
the stock of every kind about these farms, 
which was very considerable. Fort Wayne 
is situated on the south side of the River 
Maumee, opposite the junction of the River 
St. Mary's and St. Joseph, which are consi- 
derable navigable streams in lat. 41° 40', 
N. loucy. 11° 5' west from the meridian of 
Philadelphia. 

We were alarmed by the report of some 
guns which were fired by the sentinels ; we 
formed in order of battle for half an hour, 
during which time it rained very hard, and 
rendered many of our guns unfit to do exe- 
cution, except the bayonets. The alarm must 
have proceeded from the timidity of the 
sentinels. 

14^A. The whole force was divided and 
placed under the command of General Payne 

2^ 



18 Winchester's campaign. 

and Colonel Wells. General Payne's com- 
mand was composed of Colonel Lewis's regi- 
ment, Colonel Allen's and Captain Garrard's 
troop. Colonel Wells's command was com- 
posed of Colonel Scott's regiment, the regu- 
lars and the mounted riflemen. General 
Payne was instructed to destroy the Miami 
■ towns at the forks of the Wabash. Colonel 
Wells was directed against the Pottowato- 
mies's village at Elkheart. General Harrison 
thought proper to go with General Payne ; 
so we proceeded on to .the waters of the 
Wabash; five miles from Fort Wayne we 
encamped. N"ext morning we came to an 
Indian hut and a small cornfield, two miles 
from our encampment ; here all the wagons 
and baggage were left, and Captain Lang- 
horne's company as a guard ; from this place 
we marched twenty-three miles to an Indian 
town at the forks of the Wabash ; we found 
the town evacuated ; we pulled down some 
of their houses and built up fires and en- 
camped; we had plenty of roasting ears of 
the best kind. It is a small kind of corn, 
shallow grain, and very suitable for roasting 
ears, which answered us a very good purpose, 
as we had only a little provision mth us. 

l^th. We marched through their towns, 
four in number, in the bounds of three or - 
four miles, in which there were fresh signs 
of Indians. We cut up their corn and put 



Winchester's campaign. 19 

it in piles, sixty or eighty acres, so tliat it 
might rot. A variety of beans were found 
growing with their corn ; potatoes, pumpkins, 
water-melons, and cucumbers were also cul- 
tivated by them. Their houses were all burnt 
by the orders of General Harrison ; some of 
them were built of bark and some of logs. 
The tomb of a chief was discovered ; it was 
built on the ground with timber and clay, so 
that no rain or air could enter ; the chief 
was laid on his blanket, his head towards 
sunrise, his rifle by his side, his tin pan on 
his breast, with a spoon in it ; he was orna- 
mented in their style, with ear-rings, brooches, 
&c. This is one of the most beautiful places 
in the western country; the land is level, 
well timbered, well watered, and the soil 
equal to any part of Kentucky. Near the 
town, where the timber has been cut, it is 
covered with an elegant coat of blue grass. 

lltli. We got back to the baggage, and 
found all was well. Capt. Langhorne had for- 
tified against the enemy with rails, so that he 
would have been able to have held his place 
against a considerable force. We took some 
refreshments and pursued our journey, and 
encamped near our former encampment. 

l^th. We arrived at Fort Wayne, and met 
with a reinforcement of five hundred mounted 
riflemen and cavalry, from Kentucky. A man 
was accidentally shot through the head by 



20 Winchester's campaign. 

one of the mounted riflemen. Colonel Wells's 
division returned this evening from their 
route, which was fifty miles from Fort 
Wayne, on the waters of St. Joseph's Eiver, 
very much fatigued. They found nothing 
but deserted houses and corn to destroy, 
which was about the same amount as was 
found at the Wabash. Capt. Morris's 1st 
sergeant (David Irwin) died on the road. 
One of the light-horsemen wounded a man 
as he was feeding his horse, believing him to 
be an Indian. 

19/A. We encamped in the forks of the 
river half a mile from the fort. Gen. Har- 
rison not being legally authorized by the gene- 
ral government, as commander of this army, 
the command, of course, devolved on Win- 
chester. This resignation of Gen. Harrison's 
was done with much reluctance, as he had 
placed great confidence in the Kentuckians, 
and found he was their choice, in preference 
to Gen. Winchester. The conduct of Gen. 
Harrison at Tippecanoe, and his familiarity 
with the troops while on their march to this 
place, had gained to him a peculiar attach- 
ment. Gen. Winchester being a stranger, 
and having the appearance of a supercilious 
officer, he was generally disliked. His as- 
suming the command almost occasioned a 
mutiny in camp; this was prevented by the 
solicitations of some of the officers to go on. 



wikchester's campaign. 21 

20th. The Kentucky mounted riflemen 
started to St. Mary's under the command of 
Gen. Harrison, in order to pursue the Indians 
in some other quarter ; their number was 
about fifteen hundred. 

21 5^. We received marching orders to 
march to-morrow morning at 7 o'clock. 

The following general order, will show 
Gen. Winchester's order of march. 

"General Orders. — Fort Wayne Sept. 22, 1812. 

"The army will march in the following 
order, to wit : the guard in front in three 
lines, two deep in the road, and in Indian 
file on the flanks, at the distance of fifty to 
one hundred yards from the centre line, 
when not prevented by obstructions. 

" A fatigue party, to consist of one captain, 
one ensign, two sergeants, two corporals, and 
fifty privates, will folloAV the front guard for 
the purpose of opening the road. The re- 
mainder of the infantry to march on the flanks 
in the following order ; Col. Wells's and Al- 
len's regiments on the right, and Scott's and 
Lewis's on the left. 

" The general and brigade baggage, com- 
missaries' and quartermasters' stores im- 
mediately in the rear of the fatigue party. 
The cavalry in the following order : Capt. 
Garrard and twenty of his men to precede 



22 winchestek's campaign. 

tlie guard in front, and eqiiallj divide at the 
head of each line. A lieutenant and eighteen 
men in rear of the whole army and baggage. 
The balance of the cavalry equally divided 
on the flanks of the flank lines. 

"The regimental baggage wagons fall in 
according to the rank of the commanding 
officers of the respective regiments. The 
officers commanding corps, previous to their 
marching, will cause the arms and ammuni- 
tion to be carefully examined, and will see 
that they are in good order. They will also 
be particularly careful that the men do not 
waste their cartridges. No muskets are to 
be carried in the wagons. One half of the 
fatigue party are to work at the same time; 
the other half are to carry the arms and ac- 
coutrements while on fatigue. The wagon- 
master will attend to the loading of the wa- 
gons, and see that the different articles are 
put in in good order, and that each wagon and 
team carry a reasonable load. The hour of 
march is deferred until 9 o'clock, instead of 
7. The officer of the day is charged with the 
execution of these orders. 

" The line of battle shall be formed ao'ree- 
ably to Gen. Harrison's order on his late 
march to Fort Wayne. 

" James Winchester, 

" Brigadier-General.^^ 



Winchester's campaign. 2 



o 



2 6 /A. Two white men, and Capt. John 
(an Indian who was with iis), lost their 
horses. They continued about the camping 
ground in search of them ; they saw two or 
three Indians exploring our encampment. 
They took this method, no doubt, to calculate 
our number. The spies returned to camp 
this evening, who had discovered many Indian 
signs in front. Five of the spies who had 
yesterday started with the view to go to 
Fort Defiance, were found on the road shot, 
scalped, and tomahawked by the Indians or 
British. 

21th. The spies and Capt. Garrard's troop 
started this morning to bury the dead. They 
were attacked by a party of Indians who 
were watching the dead. One of the spies 
got shot in the ankle by an Indian. They 
fired on the Indians, and with the assistance 
of Capt. Garrard, they made them run, but 
not without the loss of some of their savage 
blood. It was supposed some of them were 
badly wounded. 

Capts. Hickman and Euddell returned, 
who had started this morning to reconnoitre 
Fort Defiance. They reported, that they 
saw many fresh signs of Indians. As they 
returned to camp they spied an encampment 
of Indians; the Indians were talking and 
laughing merrily. A detachment was sent 
after dark in order to surprise them. Eud- 



24 Winchester's campaign. 

dell, tlieir pilot, got lost before he got far, 
so tliat they could not execute their design. 

2'^th. The army was alarmed about a mile 
from camp ; we quickly paraded in order of 
battle, and were anxious to meet the enemy. 
The alarm proceeded from the spies, who 
fired at some Indians in front. The spies 
returned to camp this evening; they saw 
where a large number of Indians and British 
had encamped the night before. 

2^th. We continued on the same encamp- 
* ment, five miles from Defiance, and forty -five 
from Fort Wayne. The spies and horse 
troop were sent out in order to make dis- 
coveries. A party took the back track ; they 
saw where the enemy had wheeled to the 
right about, and retreated; and fortunately 
for them they did so. Our industry in forti- 
fying the camp with breastworks, and caution 
and vigilance with which it was guarded, 
would have rendered us able to have main- 
tained our ground against a superior force. 
Wagon tracks were plainly to be seen — it 
was thought they Avere going to Fort Wayne 
with cannon, to take that place. 

%Oth. We marched Avithin one mile of Fort 
Defiance, and searched for a suitable place to 
encamp on : after every examination it was 
thought best to continue here, as it was a con- 
venient place for timber. We pitched our 
tents and built very strong breastworks round 



Winchester's campaign. 25 

the camp, wMcli we had done for five or six 
nights past ; we also slept with our guns in 
our arms, and paraded an hour before day, 
and stood under arms till nearly sunrise. 
From Fort Wayne to Defiance, we travelled 
on the north-west side of the Maumee Eiver. 
The country is extremely level and well 
timbered, but badly watered. 

Oct. 1. Col. Lewis, with a detachment of 
three hundred and eighty men, started early 
this morning to pursue the Indians and Bri- 
tish ; they crossed the Auglaze Eiver, and pro- 
ceeded down the Maumee seven or eiofht 
miles, but could see nothing more than the 
appearance of the enemy retreating. 

2d. Gen. Harrison arrived here with about 
one hundred mounted troops, and two days' 
rations of flour. We have been without 
bread four days. We were informed Gen. 
Harrison was appointed commander-in-chief 
of the North-Western Army ; this was pleas- 
ing news to their troops, as he was the choice 
in preference to any other. 

2>d. The troops that were with Gen. Har- 
rison, consisting of mounted riflemen and 
cavalry, three regiments, came to camp this 
morning from St. Mary's, which is 63 miles 
from Defiance. They came with speed, to 
assist the troops commanded by Gen. Win- 
chester. Gen. Harrison had received infor- 
mation that all the British and Indian forces 

3 



26 winchestek's campaign. 

of Upper Canada were on their way to meet 
Gen. Wincjbester at Defiance. 

4zth. There has been great murmuring in 
camp, on account of the scarcity of pro- 
visions, which threatened a dissolution of this 
army. Gen. Harrison having paraded the 
army, addressed them and said, there were 
twenty-five thousand rations provided for 
this army at St. Mary's ; this should be con- 
veyed here as soon as possible, part of which 
would be here to-day ; he stated the conse- 
quence of such mutinous complaints, and if 
this army would disperse, where could he 
get men who would stand ? He said every 
exertion for the supply of this army with 
provisions and clothing, should be used. 
He informed us there would be a number of 
troops from Pennsylvania and Virginia to 
join us, amounting in all to ten thousand. 

bth. A fatigue party of two hundred and 
forty men were employed to rebuild Fort De- 
fiance. There were a few men on the other 
side of the river opposite to the fort. They dis- 
covered a party of Indians, twenty or thirty 
in number ; they took them to be those 
friendly Indians who were with us; being 
not on their guard, they got close to them. 
Four or five of the Indians fired at the same 
time ; they killed and scalped one of the men, 
and made their escape. The murder was 
committed not more than three hundred yards 



Winchester's campaign. 27 

from tlie encampment of the mounted rifle- 
men and cavalry, with. Gen. Tupper at the 
head of them. Those murderers were pursued 
immediately by two hundred horsemen ; they 
pursued them in scattered order. A small 
party overtook them five or six miles from 
camp, and finding the enemy's force superior 
they had to retreat. 

1th. The principal part of the clothing 
which was left at Piqua, came to camp ; it 
has been greatly needed. A majority of the 
mounted men who were ordered to the rapids, 
and drew ten days' provisions for that expedi- 
tion^ refused to march under Gen. Tupper ; 
of course the contemplated expedition failed, 
and they returned home, as their thirty days 
were nearly expired. 

9th A few days ago, Frederick Jacoby, 
belonging to the 17th regiment of United 
States infantry, was tried by a court-martial 
for sleeping on his post — he was condemned 
to be shot. The troops paraded and formed 
in a hollow square in close order, where the 
Rev. Mr. Shannon delivered a short discourse 
on the occasion. The square was then dis- 
played, so that the army might witness the 
awful example of execution. The criminal 
was marched from the provost guard with 
solemn music, under a guard of a subaltern, 
sergeant, corporal, and twenty privates, to the 
place of execution ; there he was blindfolded ; 



28 Winchester's campaign. 

tlie guard stood a few steps from Mm waiting 
the hour of execution ! This was a solemn 
scene ; a profound silence was kept by all the 
troops. But fortunately for the criminal, a 
reprieve arrived for him, just before the time 
of execution ! The General judged him not 
a man of sound mind. 

The spies reported they had killed an In- 
dian, but could not get his scalp on account 
of other Indians ; they stated there must be 
a large body of Indians near, by their trails. 

10th. In consequence of the above report 
of the spies, Colonel Wells started with five 
hundred men in pursuit of the Indians ; he 
pursued their trails twelve or thirteen miles, 
but could not see an Indian. 

11 ^^. The General ordered we should move 
and encamp near where the fort was build- 
ing; this was, however, prevented by the 
inclemency of the weather ; it rained and the 
wind blew all day, which made our situation 
very unpleasant. A man died in camp last 
night ; he was buried with the honors of Avar ; 
he was escorted to the grave in solemn order, 
and, after a short discourse by the Eev. Mr. 
Mitchell, six men fired three rounds over the 
grave ; this was the first scene of the kind 
witnessed in our camp. 

14:th. We moved to the fort, and received 
a supply of provisions (salt, flour, and whis- 



winchestek's campaign. 29 

key) ; we had been witliout salt ever since the 
7th, and without flour two days. 

IQth. A detachment of one hundred men 
was sent this mornino- six miles below the 
fort, to a suitable place of timber to build 
pirogues. 

18th. {Sunday.) The troops marched to the 
centre, agreeably to a general order, to hear 
the Rev. Mr. Shannon preach a sermon suited 
to the times. While he was zealously en- 
gaged there were six or seven guns fired 
down the river in quick succession; this 
alarmed the whole congregation — every one 
flew to his arms and left the speaker alone. 
The alarm originated from a pirogue party, 
who had just arrived with a pirogue for a 
supply of provisions. 

Idth. The fort was finished and christened 
^^ Fort Winchester.'''' It is composed of four 
block-houses, a hospital and storehouse, and 
picketed between each block-hoase, contain- 
ing about a quarter of an acre. 

20th. The General issued an order for the 
troops to be assembled every morning at 9 
o'clock, at such places near the encampment, 
as the commanding officers might deem con- 
venient, and cause the rolls to be called, and 
mark all delinquents ; and there, until 12 
o'clock, practice the manual exercise, and 
manceuvre accordinsr to Smith's instructions 
for infantry. 

8- 



30 Winchester's campaign. 

21th. In consequence of Gen. Winchester's 
receiving information, he issued an order re- 
specting clothing, which will show a flatter- 
ing prospect of being supplied, an extract of 
which is as follows : — 

"General Orders. — Fori Winchester, Oct. 27, 1812. 

"With great pleasure the General an- 
nounces to the army the prospect of an early 
supply of winter clothing, amongst which are 
the following articles exported from Phila- 
delphia on the 9th of September last, viz. 
10,000 pairs of shoes, 5,000 blankets, 5,000 
round jackets, 5,000 pairs of pantaloons, 
woollen cloth, to be made and forwarded to 
the westward immediately ; besides the win- ' 
ter clothing for Col. Wells's regiment some 
days before ; 1,000 watch-coats, ordered from 
Philadelphia the 7th of October, 1812. Sep- 
tember 21:th, 5,000 blankets and 1,000 yards 
of flannel. 25th, 10,000 pairs of shoes. 29th, 
10,000 pairs of woollen hose, 10,000 do. socks. 

. " Yet a few days and the General consoles 
himself with the idea of seeing those whom 
he has the honor to command clad in warm 
woollen, capable of resisting the northern blasts 
of Canada, 

"J. Winchester, 

^^Brigadier-Gen. Commanding Left Wing N. W. Army.^^ 

29 th. A fatigue party, consisting of three 
captains, three subalterns, three sergeants, 



Winchester's campaign. 31 

tliree corporals, and one liiindred and fifty 
privates was detaciied this morning, super- 
intended by Gen. Payne, to clear the way on 
the opposite side of the river, so as to make 
the view more extensive from the fort. The 
spies caught a prisoner fifteen or twenty 
miles below this place; he said he was just 
from Detroit ; he was suspected as a spy, but 
he denied it ; he said he deserted from the 
British, who had had him in confinement 
some time in consequence of his not taking 
the oath to be true to them. 

Fort Winchester is situated near the point 
between the Maumee and Auglaze rivers, 
and is a handsome place ; it is predicted by 
some to become in a few years a populous 
city. The greater part of the land in the 
adjacent country is rich, and when improved 
will be equal, if not superior, to any in the 
western country. The Auglaze Eiver empties 
into Grreat Miami, which runs a north course 
to Fort Winchester, and is navigable a con- 
siderable distance. 

Novemher 2. We moved across the Eiver 
Maumee, opposite the point; it is a high 
piece of ground and very level, but in some 
degree wet and marshy : this movement was 
in order to get convenient to firewood. 

3d This late place of encampment is found 
not to answer a good purpose ; therefore the 
General thought it expedient to move from 



82 Winchester's campaign. 

this to a piece of ground one-half mile lower 
do\\rn the river. As there were onl}^ a few 
wagons, one regiment moved at a time — from 
12 o'clock till after sunset before the last ar- 
rived at the place of destination. This last 
place appears to be very marshy, but not so 
much so as the former. It is very difficult 
to get a good place for an encampment at 
this time, as we have had several rainy days. 

4cth. The troops have been engaged in for- 
tifying this late place of encampment with 
breastworks, so that we may be prepared for 
our enemies, should they think proper to pay 
us a visit ; the weather is very rainy, which 
makes our situation extremely unpleasant, 
though not more so than we could expect 
from the climate and season. Four of this 
army have gone to the silent tomb to-day, 
never more to visit their friends in Kentucky; 
the fever is very prevalent in camp ; nearly 
every day .there is one or more buried. 

1th. We received information from Ken- 
tucky by passengers, of a quantity of clothing 
comilig out for the volunteers. By every ac- 
count from that quarter, the roads are almost 
impassable. Major Grarrard, and six of the 
spies, started to the Kapids this morning. 
This river abounds greatly with fish ; large 
quantities have been caught with traps, and 
also with hooks and lines. 

^th. Major Garrard, and those men* with 



Winchester's campaign. 83 

him, returned from tlie Eapids. They made 
discoveries of a large quantity ^of corn, and 
some hogs, and cattle, and a few Indians. 

10th. The army moved six miles down the 
river, in order to be better accommodated 
with suitable ground for camping, and to 
build more pirogues. This encampment is 
the dryest we have been at for some time ; 
the land and timber are not inferior to any. 
I trust this country was designed for a more 
noble purpose than to be a harbor for those 
rapacious savages, whose manners and de- 
portment are not more elevated than the 
ravenous beasts of the forest. I view the 
time not far distant, when this country will 
be interspersed with elegant farms and flou- 
rishing towns, and be inhabited by a free 
and independent people, under an auspicious 
republic. 

16th. A detachment of six captains, six 
subalterns, six sergeants, six corporals, and 
three hundred and eighty-six privates, started 
with six days' provision, this morning, at 
reveille beating, to the Rapids, under the 
command of Col. Lewis. 

17th. Col. Lewis, with his detachment, re- 
turned about twelve o'clock, after a laborious 
march of sixty miles. About eighteen miles 
below this place, he was overtaken by an ex- 
press from Gen. Winchester, Avho had re- 
ceived intelligence of Gen. Tupper, with five 



84 Winchester's campaign. 

hundred men, being at tlie Eapids, who had 
discovered a body of Indians, six or seven 
hundred in number, drinking and dancing. 
Gen. Tupper, thinking this a good opportu- 
nity to attack them, attempted to cross the 
river, two miles above ; he and two hundred 
of his men effected this, through great difii- 
culty ; in wading across some fell in the 
water and lost their guns, which discouraged 
the rest, so that Gen. Tupper could not exe- 
cute his design. This intelligence animated the 
troops commanded by Col. Lewis, so that 
they wanted to continue on that night, with- 
out stopping, and attack the enemy before 
day. Col. Lewis thought proper to halt, and 
send an express to Gen. Tupper, for both 
parties to meet at Eoche de Baut,"^ six miles 
above the Indian encampment, and unite 
their forces, and surprise the enemy. 

The express returned at three o'clock in 
the morning, and reported, he had been at 
Gen. Tupper's encampment ; at the entrance 
of which, he saw a man, dead, scalped, and 
stripped. He concluded that Gen. Tupper 
was defeated. This news changed the course 
of Col. Lewis, not knowing their force. The 
General has thought proper to have this place 
strongly fortified with breastworks, four and 
a half feet high. 

* Pronounced Rushdeboo. 



Winchester's CAMPAIGN. 35 

18th. One of the sentinels of the bullock 
guard discharged the contents of his gun at 
an Indian, as he thought, a few miles below 
camp, where the bullocks were grazing; the 
guard deserted the bullocks, and retreated to 
camp. A party was immediately sent in pur- 
suit of the Indians, and behold ! they found 
Michael Paul cutting a bee-tree. 

20th. Euddell returned, who was sent on 
the 17th to reconnoitre the Kapids, and Tup- 
per's encampment. He discovered a large 
body of Indians at the Eapids. He was 
through Tupper's encampment, where it was 
supposed he was defeated He saw the man 
that was scalped and stripped, and he thought 
Tupper had retreated, instead of being de- 
feated. 

2 2d Smith and his party of spies had a 
little skirmish near Wolftown. Early in the 
morning they were eating their breakfasts ; 
one of them started to get a drink of water ; 
he had only got a few steps when an Indian 
fired and wounded him, but not mortally. 
After snapping twice, he fired and wounded 
an Indian. Several guns were fired by the 
Indians afterwards, but no injury was sus- 
tained. In returning to camp the wounded 
man was sent on some distance before, while 
part of them remained in the rear as a guard. 

Capt.'Logan, Capt. John, and another Indian, 
started to the Kapids with the determination 



36 Winchester's campaign. 

to establish tlieir characters (for they were 
suspected by some to be traitors). Between 
this and the Eapids, as they were rising a 
bank, they met seven Indians and a British 
officer, who took them prisoners, bnt let 
them carry their own guns. After taking 
them some considerable distance, they were 
determined to liberate themselves or fall a 
sacrifice. They succeeded in killing at the 
same time, the British officer* and two of 
the Indians ; they stated Logan killed the 
second, but he got badly wounded through the 
body ; one of the other Indians that were with 
him got wounded, but not mortally. The 
two wounded got on two horses that belonged 
to the dead and rode to camp, leaving Capt. 
John to take scalps. 

23cZ. Capt. John came in camp this morn- 
ing with a scalp ; he said it was the scalp of a 
Pottowatamie chief (Wynemack) ; he broke 
his knife in scalping him, which prevented 
him from scalping the others. * 

24ztli. Logan died, and was much lamented 
by the men generally, believing him to be 
true to the United States, and a brave soldier, 

December 1. The troops are engaged in 
building huts, which are far preferable to 
tents. 

* We learned since, the British officer was Col. Elliott's 
son, and was probably a Captain. 



WINCHESTER'S CAMPAIGN. 37 

2c/. Tlie General lias issued an order for the 
camp to be picketed, wliicli is three-quarters 
of a mile round. It is on the north side of 
the river, and is composed of three lines. 
Col. Wells's regiment on the right. Col. 
Scott's, Lewis's, and part of Allen's in front, 
the remaining part of Allen's on the left, the 
river in the rear. The pickets were nearly 
completed in one day, two feet in the ground 
and eight feet above. 

lOih. The General has given orders to the 
commandinsf officers of reo:iments to cause 
each of their companies to be provided with 
a good pirogue sufficient to carry its own 
baggage, and cause all those who are without 
shoes to make themselves moccasons out of 
a;reen hides. 

There are many who have not shoes and 
clothes sufficient to keep them from freezing, 
should we move from here while they are in 
this condition ; the clothes that the General 
flattered us with the expectation, and the 
clothes subscribed by the Kentuckians being 
not yet received, except a small part of the 
latter. 

ISth. Smith and his party returned from 
the Kapids, who started two days ago in a 
canoe ; they did not go far before they left 
the canoe, on account of the ice, and travelled 
by land ; some of them were dangerously 
frostbitten. 
4 



38 Winchester's campaign. 

14:th. An express arrived in camp, certify- 
ing^ that the boats which started from St. 
Mary's on the 4th, laden with flour and 
clothing, were frozen up in St. Mary's Kiver, 
and the escort was building a house to store 
the loading in. 

loth. Capt. Hickman started this morning 
to forward flour and clothinsr immediately on 
packhorses. 

lOth. We have drawn no flour since the 
10th, in consequence of which there was a 
letter handed to the General last night se- 
cretly, which stated that the volunteers in 
two days, except flour came before that time, 
would start and go to it; and they would 
carry their camp equipage to the fort if the 
General required it. This news was soon 
circulated through camp. The of&cers used 
every argument to suppress the appearance 
of a mutiny. A court-martial was held at 
Capt. Williams\s marquee to try John Hog- 
gard, a private in Capt. Price's company, for 
some misdemeanor. lie was condemned to be 
drummed out of camp. Col. Lewis paraded 
his reo^iment, and had him escorted with the 
fife and drum from one end of his line to the 
other. So he was legally discharged from 
the army. The most common punishment 
in camp for criminals is that of riding the 
wooden horse^ or being put undxr guard on 
half rations. All the beef and pork was issued 



Winchester's campaign. 39 

to the troops this evening ; our dependence 
for the next ration is on a drove of hogs that 
has been expected several days ! 

11th, Three hundred head of hogs arrived 
to our relief. 

20 Ui, The weather is excessively cold ; the 
ice has stopped the navigation of the river, 
so that the plan of going to the Rapids by 
water is entirely frustrated ; we had prepared 
about sixty pirogues for the voyage, which 
will be left here for our successors. 

21st. The General has ordered the com- 
mandants of regiments to cause each com- 
pany to be provided with a sufficient number 
of sleds to convey their baggage to the 
Rapids. It is said these sleds are to be pulled 
by the men, as we have not a horse in camp 
able to pull an empty sled. 

22d. A little flour came to camp once 
more ; quarter-rations of that article were 
issued, which was welcomed by rejoicing 
throughout camp: 

21th. Capt. Hickman returned with joyful 
news — that we should in a short time be sup- 
plied with flour. The deficiency of this ar- 
ticle had produced serious consequences in 
the army. We have here been exposed to 
numberless difficulties, as well as deprived 
of the common necessaries of life ; and what 
made these things operate more severely was, 
all hopes of obtaining any conquest was en- 



40 wixchestee's campaign. 

tirely abandoned. Obstacles bad emerged in 
the path to victory, wbich must have ap- 
peared insurmountable to every person en- 
dowed with common sense. The distance to 
Canada, the unpreparedness of the army, the 
scarcity of provisions, and the badness of the 
weather, show that Maiden cannot be taken 
in the remaining part of our time. And 
would it not have been better if this army 
had been disbanded ? Our sufferinsfs at this 
place have been greater than if we had been 
in a severe battle. More than one hundred 
lives have been lost, owing to our bad ac- 
commodations ! The sufferings of about three 
hundred sick at a time, who are exposed to 
the cold ground and deprived of every nou- 
rishment, are sufficient proofs of our wretched 
condition ! The camp has become a loath- 
some place. The hope of being one day 
relieved from these unnecessary sufferings 
affords some relief. We received this even- 
ing a supply of flour, and have been delivered 
from a state of starvation. It beiuo- Christ- 

o 

mas eve, just after dark, a number of guns 
were fired in quick succession ; the whole 
army was ordered to parade in order of bat- 
tle ; strict orders were given to suppress 
the firing. About an hour before day the 
firing commenced again ; the army was again 
paraded and strict orders given, threatening 
to punish the offenders. 



Winchester's campaign. 41 

21th. Part of the clotliing arrived from 
Kentucky, 

2%th. We are now about commeucing one 
of the most serious marches ever performed 
by the Americans. Destitute, in a measure, 
of clothes, shoes, and provisions, the most 
essential articles necessary for the existence 
and preservation of the human species in this 
world, and more particularly in this cold 
climate. Three sleds are prepared for each 
company, each to be pulled by a packhorse, 
which has been without food for two weeks, 
except brush, and will not be better fed while 
in our service ; probably the most of these 
horses never had harness on, but the pre- 
sumption is they will be too tame ; we have 
prepared harness out of green hides. 

ZOth. After nearly three months' prepara^ 
tion for this expedition, Ve commenced our 
march in great splendor ; our elegant equi- 
page cast a brilliant lustre on the surround- 
ing objects as it passed! our clothes and 
blankets looked as if they had never been 
acquainted with water, but intimately with 
dirt, smoke, and soot; in fact, we have be- 
come acquainted with one much despised in 
Kentucky, under whose government we are 
obliged to live, whose name is " Poverty^ 
We marched six miles and encamped near 
Col. Wells's regiment, which marched vester- 

4-^ 



42 Winchester's campaign. 

day ; tlie sick were left at No. Third, with a 
company from each regiment as a guard. 

January 10. We arrived at Hull's road at 
the Kapids, fifty miles from Fort Defiance, 
and encamped on a very high and suitable 
piece of ground. The second day after we 
left No. Third, the snow melted and the 
ground thawed, which operated much agains^ 
our march. We marched two miles, which 
tried the strength and activity of our nobl 
steeds. The General, who remained behinc 
at No. Third, more properly styled Foi 
Starvation^ thinking probably to take the ad 
vantage of the weather (this moderate tha\' 
had opened the river in a ripple opposite t< 
No. Third), had several pirogues loaded wit! 
his baggage, and manned immediately. Afte 
travelling three or four hundred yards 
they found that thfey were blockaded wit! 
ice ; they landed and guarded the plun 
der, until arrangements could be made fo 
its transportation by land. The weathe 
took a change the second of January. I 
commenced snowing, and continued two day, 
and nights : after it ceased, it was from twent] 
to twenty-four inches deep. During thii 
time we remained stationary. On the third 
the army resumed its march, wading througl 
a deep snow. We had to stop early in the 
afternoon to prepare our encampment ; tc 
rake the snow away, make fires, and pitch 



Winchester's campaign. 43 

our tents, was no trifling task ; and after this 
we had to get bark or bushes to lie on ; the 
linn, in this case, was of great service to us. 
Many of the horses gave out, and sleds broke 
down ; consequently, the plunder had to be 
pulled or carried by the men. I have seen 
six Kentuckians substituted instead of a horse, 
"iiulling their plunder, drudging along through 
^le snow, and keeping pace with the fore- 
iost. In marching to this place we came 
irough some good land, particularly the 
ver bottoms, which are very rich. Wolf- 
)wn, which is about half way between Fort 
•efiance and the Eapids, is a handsome 
tuation. This has formerly been an Indian 
)wn. We reached Eoche De Baut the 9th, 
)ur miles above Hull's road, a place where 
)me French had formerly lived. Early 
ext morning (as cold a morning as the 
kentuckians ever experienced) a detached 
arty of six hundred and seventy -six men 
larched in front of the baofsraare, and went 
n four miles below the foot of the Rapids, 
I order to examine if it were true, as said 
y some passengers from the right wing of 
le army, that there were six hundred Indians 
ncamped and picketed in, six miles below 
le Rapids. The detachment marched within 
^o miles of the place, and sent spies, but 
ley discovered no signs of Indians. The 
*arty remained all night, and partook of an 



44 Winchester's campaigis". 

elegant supper of parclied corn, and returned 
to camp in tlie morning. 

11th, Some fresh signs of Indians were 
seen near this encampment. A detachment of 
twenty-four men was sent immediate!}^, under 
the command of Capt. Williams. They had 
not got far before they discovered the In- 
dians ; the firing commenced on both sides 
nearly at the same time. The Indians stood 
but a little time before they ran, but not 
until they lost some of their savao-e blood. 
Capt. Williams pursued them some miles, 
but could not overtake them. By the signs 
of blood, some of them must have been badly 
wounded. They left behind them two of 
their horses, a brass kettle, and some other 
plunder. One of Capt. Williams's men re- 
ceived a wound in the arm, and another got 
shot through his hat. Capt. Edmiston, who 
was one of the part}^, got his gun shot through 
the breech. 

13//^. Two Frenchmen came in camp last 
night from the river Eaisin, who received in- 
formation of the army being here by those 
Indians that Capt. Williams pursued, who 
got there the night after the skirmish, and 
stopped only a few minutes, and then went 
on to Maiden. Those Frenchmen solicited 
protection and assistance, stating the abuse 
they had received from the Indians, and the 



Winchester's campaign. 45 

danger they were in of losing their lives and 
property. 

2bth. Arrived in camp this morning, cloth- 
ing from Kentucky. The ladies who sent 
this clothino^ deserve the hio-hest encomiums. 
If it had not been for their unexampled ex- 
ertions, we must have suffered beyond con- 
ception. May they long live under the auspi- 
cious protection of a free government, and 
may kind heaven reward their unparalleled 
benevolence ! 

Another Frenchman came to camp, con- 
firming what was stated by the others. We 
now began to recruit after our laborious 
mflrch, and after being deprived of a suffi- 
ciency of provisions. Although we have 
been without flour ever since we came here, 
yet we have been better supplied with pro- 
visions than we have been since we embarked 
in the service. We have here in. possession 
many large fields of corn, probably three 
hundred acres. We have erected a great 
many pounding machines, to prepare it for 
our use. This place has a solemn appear- 
ance. The inhabitants have fled, and the 
Indians or British have burned their houses, 
leaving some of the chimneys standing. By 
every appearance, this has been a respectable 
settlement. Four miles below our encamp- 
ment, are the remains of the old British gar- 
rison. 



46 Winchester's campaig:n'. 

11th. A Frencliman came yesterday from 
tlie river Eaisin ; he said two companies of 
British had just arrived from Canada, and 
the Indians were collecting, and intended to 
burn French town in a few days. By the 
repeated solicitations of the French, and being 
counselled by some of the field-officers, the 
General has been induced to order out a de- 
tachment of five hundred and seventy men, 
destined to the river Eaisin; it was said, con- 
trary to the instructions of Gen. Harrison. 
The detachment started* early with three 
days' provisions, and proceeded on twenty 
miles near to Presqu' Isle, a French village 
on the south side of the Maumee Eiver. Tte 
sight of this village filled each heart with 
emotions of cheerfulness and joy ; for we had 
been nearly five months in the wilderness, 
exposed to every inconvenience, and ex- 
cluded from everything that had the appear- 
ance of a civilized country. When the in- 
habitants of the village discovered us, they 
met us with a white flag, and expressed par- 
ticular friendship for us. They informed us 
the British and Indians had left Frenchtown 
a few days ago, and had gone to Brownstown. 
About three hours after dark, a reinforce- 
ment of one hundred and ten men overtook 

* The French, who were looking at us when we started, 
wei'e heard to say, we were not men enough. 



Winchester's campaign. 47 

■Qs, commanded by Col. Allen. Some time in 
the latter part of the night an express came 
from the river Raisin, informins; Col. Lewis 
there were four hundred Indians and two 
companies of British there, and that Colonel 
Elliott was to start the next morning from 
Maiden with a reinforcement, 

18^/?. We started early, in order to get 
there before Col. Elliott; after travelling fif- 
teen miles, mostly on the ice, we received 
information of the enemy being there waiting 
for ns ; we were then within three miles of 
Frenchtown ; we proceeded on with no other 
view than to conquer or die. When we ad- 
vanced in sight of the town, and were about 
a quarter of a mile from it, the British saluted 
us by the firing of a piece of cannon ; they 
fired it three times, but no injury was sus- 
tained. During this time we formed the line 
of battle, and, raising a shout,* advanced on 
them briskly; they soon commenced the 

* A Frenchman who lived in this villfige said when the 
"word came the Americans were in sight, there was an old 
Indian smoking at his fireside ; tlie Indian exclaimed, 
" //o, de Mericans come; I siqjpome Ohio mert come, kc sive 
them another chase ;" (alluding to the time they chased Gen. 
Tupper from the Rapids.) He walked to the door smok- 
ing, apparently very unconcerned, and looked at us till 
we formed the line of battle, and rushed on them with a 
mighty shout! he then called out '' Kentuck, by GodV 
and picked up his guu and ran to the woods like a wild 
beast. 



48 Winchester's campaig^t. 

firing of their small arms, but this did not 
deter us from a charge ; we advanced close 
and let loose on them ; they gave way, and 
we soon had possession of the village with- 
out the loss of a man ! Three were slightly 
wounded. Twelve of their warriors were slain 
and scalped, and one prisoner taken before 
they got to the woods. In retreating, they 
kept up some firing. We pursued them half a 
mile to the woods, which were very brushy 
and suited to their mode of fighting. As we 
advanced, they were fixing themselves behind 
logs, trees, &c. to the best advantage ; our 
troops rushed on them resolutely, and gave 
them Indian play, took the advantage of 
trees, &c. and kept them retreating a mile 
and a half in the woods. During this time a 
heavy fire was kept up on both sides; at 
length, after a battle of three hours and five 
minutes, Ave were obliged to stop the pursuit 
on account of the approach of night, and re- 
tire to the villagre ; we collected our wounded 
and carried them to the village, leaving our 
dead on the ground. In this action the Ken- 
tuckians displayed great bravery, after being 
much fatigued with marching on the ice ; 
cowardice was entirely discountenanced ; each 
was anxious to excel his felloAV- soldiers in 
avenging his injured country; those only fell 
in the rear who were most fatigued. Our loss 
in this action was eleven killed and fifty 



Winchester's campaign. 49 

wounded."^ Altliougii tlie enemy had the 
advantage of the village in the first attack, 
and of the woods in the second, their loss, by 
the best information, far exceeded ours. A 
Frenchman stated they had fifty-four killed 
and a hundred and forty wounded, part of 
whom were carried to his house, on Sand 
Creek, a few miles from the village. An ex- 
press and the Indian prisoner were sent im- 
mediately to the Rapids. Some dispute arose 
between the Indians and some of the French 
on Sand Creek; the Indians killed an old 
man and his wife ; in consequence of this the 
French were enraged, and resolved to get 
revenge. They applied to us for assistance, 
but it was thought improper to leave the 
villao^e, thous^h some of them had assisted us 
and fousfht in the front of the battle. 

l^th. A party was sent out to the battle- 
ground to bring in the dead, which were 
found scalped and stripped except one. In 
going over the battle-ground, great signs were 
seen (by the blood and where they had been 
dragged through the snow) of a considerable 
loss on the part of the enemy. Two of the 
wounded died. The British left a consider- 
able quantity of provisions and some store 

* It would have been better for us if we had been con- 
tented with the possession of the village, without pursu- 
ing them to the woods. 

5 



50 • winchestee's campaign. 

goods, whicli answered us a valuable pur- 
pose. The AYOunded could have been as well 
accommodated here with every necessary as 
in any part of Kentucky, Apples, cider, sugar, 
butter, and whiskey appeared to be plenty. 
The river Kaisin runs an east course through 
a level country, interspersed with well-im- 
proved farms, and is seventy or eighty yards 
wide; the banks are low. Frenchtown is 
situated on the north side of this river, not 
more than three miles from the place it emp- 
ties into Lake Erie. There is a row of dwell- 
ing-houses, about twenty in number, princi- 
pally frame, near the bank, surrounded with 
a fence made in the form of picketing, with 
split timber, from four to five feet high ; this 
was not designed as a fortification, but to 
secure their yards and gardens. 

21sL A reinforcement of two hundred and 
thirty men arrived in the afternoon; also 
Gen. Winchester, Col. Wells, Major M'Clana- 
han, Capt. Hart, surgeons Irvin and Mont- 
gomery, and some other gentlemen, who 
came to eat apples and drink cider, having 
been deprived of every kind of spirits nearly 
two months. The officers having viewed and 
laid off a piece of ground for a camp and 
breastworks, resolved that it was too late to 
remove and erect fortifications that evening; 
farther, as they resolved to remove early 
next day, it was not thought worth while, 



Winchester's campaign. 51 

tliougli -materials were at hand, to fortify tlie 
right wing, which therefore encamped in the 
open field,''^ and Col. Wells, their commander, 
set out for the Eapids late in the evening. A 
Frenchman arrived here late in the evening 
from Maiden, and stated that a large number 
of Indians and British were coming on the 
ice with artillery to attack us; he judged 
their number to be three thousand ; this was 
not believed by some of our leading men, 
who were regaling themselves with whiskey 
and loaf sugar; but the generality of the 
troops put great confidence in the French- 
man's report, and expected some fatal dis- 
aster to befall us; principally because Gen. 
Winchester had taken up his head-quarters 
nearly half a mile from any part of the en- 
campment, and because the right wing was 
exposed. Ensign Harrow was sent with a 
party of men, some time after night, by the 
orders of Col. Lewis, to bring in all the men, 
either officers or privates, that he might find 
out of their quarters. After finding some and 
giving them their orders, he went to a brick 
house, about a mile up the river, and entered 
a room; finding it not occupied, he imme- 
diately went above stairs and saw two men, 
whom he took to be British officers, talking 

* This want of precaution was a great cause of our 
mournful defeat! 



52 wixchestee's campaign. 

with the landlord. The landlord asked him 
to walk down into a stove room, and handing 
his bottle, asked him to drink, and informed 
him "there was no danger, for the British 
had not a force sufficient to whip ns." So 
Harrow returned about 1 o'clock and re- 
ported to Col. Lewis what he had seen. Col. 
Lewis treated the report with coolness, think- 
ing the persons seen were only some gentle- 
men from town ; just at daybreak the reveille 
began to beat, as usual; this gave joy to the 
troops, who had passed the night under the 
apprehensions of being attacked before day. 
The reveille had not been beating more than 
two minutes before the sentinels fired three 
guns in quick succession ; this alarmed our 
troops, who quickly formed and were ready 
for the enemy before they were near enough 
to do execution. The British immediately 
discharged their artillery, loaded with balls, 
bombs, and grape-shot, which did little in- 
jury ; they then attempted to make a charge 
on those in the pickets, but were repulsed 
with ojreat loss. Those on the rio^ht beins: less 
secure for the want of fortification, were over- 
powered by a superior force, and were or- 
dered to retreat to a more advantas^eous 
piece of ground. They got in disorder and 
could not be formed.^ The Indians pursued 

* When the right -wing began to retreat, it is said or- 
ders were given by some of the officers to the men in the 



Winchester's campaign. 53 

tliem from all quarters, and surrounded, 
killed, and took the most of them. The enemy 
again charged on the left with redoubled 
vigor, but were again forced to retire. Our 
men lay close behind the picketing, through 
which they had portholes, and every one 
having a rest took sight, that his ammunition 
might not be spent in vain. After a long 
and bloody contest, the enemy finding they 
could not, either by stratagem or force, drive 
us from our fortification, retired to the woods, 
leaving their dead on the ground, except a 
party that kept two pieces of cannon in play 
on our right. A sleigh was seen three or four 
hundred yards from our lines going towards 
the right, supposed to be laden with ammu- 
nition to supply the cannon. Four or five 
men rose up and fired at once, and killed the 
man and wounded the horse. Some Indians 
who were hid behind houses continued to 
annoy us with scattering balls. At this time 
bread from the commissary's house was 
handed round among our troops, who sat 
composedly eating and watching the enemy 
at the same time. Being thus refreshed, we 
discovered a white flag advancing toward us ; 
it was general^ supposed to be for a cessa- 

eastern end of the picketing to march out to their assist- 
ance. Capt. Price and a number of men sallied out. 
Capt. Price was killed, and most of the men. 

6* 



64 Winchester's campaign. 

tion of arms that our enemies might carry 
off their dead, which were numerous, al- 
though they had 'been bearing away both 
dead and wounded during the action; but 
how were we surprised and mortified when we 
heard that Gen. Winchester, with CoL Lewis, 
had been taken prisoners by the Indians in 
attempting to rally the right wing, and that 
Gen. Winchester had surrendered us prison- 
ers of war to Col. Proctor ! Major Madison, 
then the highest in command, did not agree 
to this until Col. Proctor had promised'^ that 
the prisoners should be protected from the 
Indians, the wounded taken care of, the dead 

* Col. Proctor had informed Gen. Winchester he would 
afford him an opportunity of surrendering his troops, and 
if not accepted he would let loose the Indians on us, •who 
would burn the town, and he would not be accountable 
for their conduct. Gen. Winchester, not knoAving how we 
had resisted their efforts, thought probably it would be 
the case. 

But why did not Col. Proctor make this proposition be- 
fore he had exerted all his skill in trying to burn the town 
and to set the Indians on us ? Proctor knew very well 
he had done all that was in his power with the force he 
had then, and he was then less able to rout us from the 
town than he was at first. 

The British informed us afterwards that Col. Proctor 
had ordered a general retreat to Maiden, and that they 
ha.d spiked four pieces of their cannon! but he thought he 
would demand a surrender, according to custom. 

Our officers, knowing that we had but little ammuni- 
tion, and the troops being still exposed to the fire of the 
cannon, thought proper to surrender. 



Winchester's campaign. 55 

collected and buried, and private property 
respected. It was then with extreme reluct- 
ance our troops accepted this proposition; 
there was scarcely a person that could refrain 
from shedding tears! Some plead with the 
officers not to surrender, saying they would 
rather die on the field ! We had only five 
killed, and twenty-five or thirty wounded, 
inside of the pickets. The British asked, 
when they came in, what we had done with 
our dead, as they saw but few on the ground. 
A barn being set on fire to drive the Indians 
from behind it, they concluded that, to con- 
ceal our dead, we had thrown them into these 
flames. 

One of the houses that the wounded Avere 
in, was much shattered by the cannon balls, 
though only a few struck as low as a man's 
head. The bombs flew over. Some bursted 
fifty feet above the ice, some fell on the ice, 
and some fell over the river. Notwithstand- 
ing all their exertions, their six cannon 
(which were all said to be six-pounders) did 
but little damage. 

In this battle, officers and privates exhi- 
bited the utmost firmness and bravery. 
Whilst the men were at their posts firing on 
the enemy, the officers were passing along 
the lines supplying them with cartridges. 
Major Graves, in passing around the line, 
was wounded in the knee. He sat down in 



56 Winchester's campaign. 

a tent, bound up his wound, and cried: 
"Boys, I am wounded; never mind me, but 

FIGHT ON !" 

The British collected their troops, and 
marched in front of the village. We marched 
out and grounded our arms, in heat and bit- 
terness of spirit. The British and Indians 
took possession of them. But all the swords, 
dirks, tomahawks, and knives were given up 
with promise that thej should be restored 
again. [This promise was broken.] 

All the prisoners, except those that were 
badly wounded. Dr. Todd, Dr. Bowers, and a 
few attendants, were marched towards Mai- 
den. The British said, as they had a great 
many of their Avounded to take to Maiden 
that evening, it would be out of their power 
to take ours before morning, but they would 
leave a sufficient guard, so that they should 
not be interrupted by the Indians. You will 
presently see with what aggravating circum- 
stances the breach of this promise was at- 
tended. 

Brother Allen Darnall having been badly 
wounded in the right shoulder on the 18th, 
and I being appointed to attend on the 
wounded, I continued with them. 

Before the British and prisoners marched, 
the Indians ransacked the camp, and got all 
the plunder that was remaining — namely, 
tents, kettles, buckets, pans, kc. ; then coming 



Winchester's campaign. 57 

amongst tlie wounded, greatly insulted tliem, 
and took some of their plunder. After they 
went out I bolted the door. They came again 
and broke it open with their tomahawks. I 
immediately applied to a British officer, and 
told him the Indians were interrupting the 
wounded. He turned round, and called to 
another officer to send the guard. The In- 
dians at that time had plundered the com- 
missary's house (which was near the house 
in which the wounded were) of everything 
they wanted, and piled rails against it and 
set them on fire : I, with the assistance of two 
British officers, put it out. One of the British 
officers (Maj. Kundels) inquired where the 
ammunition was. I told him, if there was 
any, it was above stairs. "We went up, but 
could find none. There was a large quan- 
tity of wheat on the loft ; he said it was a 
pity it was there, for the Indians would burn 
the house. I apprehended by that, the town 
was to be burned, and began to lament our 
wretched condition. After we went dowij 
stairs, Rundels asked me how many we had 
killed and wounded on the 18th. I told him, 
but he very haughtily disputed it. I had the 
return in my pocket. He read it, but made 
no reply. 

Those that remained of us being hungry, 
I applied to one of the British in the evening 
for some flour, as there wxre a good many 



58 Winchester's campaign. 

barrels in the commissary's house, which I 
considered to belong to them. He told me to 
take as much as I wanted. I asked him if 
there was a guard left ? He said there was no 
necessity for any, for the Indians were going 
to their camp, and there were interpreters 
left who would walk from house to house and 
see that we should not be interrupted. He 
kept walking about and looking towards the 
road. He told me I had better keep in the 
house, for the Indians would as soon shoot 
me as not, although he had just told me we 
should not be interrupted ! I suspected he 
was looking for Gen. Harrison. Oh ! if we 
had seen General Harrison coming with his 
troops, the wounded would have leaped for 
joy ! but I did not expect him. 

As they did not leave the promised guards 
I lost all confidence in them, and expected 
we would be all massacred before morning. 
I being the only person in this house not 
wounded, with the assistance of some of the 
wounded, I prepared something for about 
thirty to eat. The Indians kept searching 
about town till after dark. One came in the 
house who could talk English, and said he 
commanded a company after the retreating 
party, and that most of that party were slain. 
He said the men gave up their guns, plead for 
quarters, and offered them money if they 
would not kill them; but his boys, as he 



Winchester's campaign. 59 

called them, would tomahawk them without 
distinction. He said the plan that was fixed 
on bj the Indians and British, before the 
battle commenced, was that the British were 
to attack in front to induce us to charade on 
them ; 500 Indians were placed on the right 
hand and 500 on the left, to flank round and 
take possession of the town ; but he said we 
were too cunning for them; we would not 
move out of the pickets. 

We passed this night under the most se- 
rious apprehensions of being massacred by 
the tomahawk or consumed in the flames. I 
frequently went out during the night to see 
if the house was set on fire. At length the 
long wished-for morn arrived, and filled each 
heart with a cheerful hope of being delivered 
from the cruelty of those merciless savages. 
We were making every preparation to be 
ready for the promised sleighs ; but, alas ! 
instead of the sleighs, about an hour hj sun 
a great number of savages, painted with va- 
rious colors, came yelling in the most hideous 
manner ! These bloodthirsty, terrific savages 
(sent here by their more cruel and perfidious 
allies, the British) rushed into the houses 
where the desponding wounded lay, and in- 
solently stripped them of their blankets and 
all their best clothes, and ordered them out 
of the houses! I ran out of the house to 



60 Winchester's campaign. 

inform the interjDreters'^ what tlie Indians 
were doing. At the door, an Indian took my 
hat and put it on his own head. I then dis- 
covered the Indians had been at the other 
house first, and had used the wounded in like 
manner. As I turned to go back into the 
house, an Indian, taking hold of me, made 
signs for me to stand by the corner of the 
house. I made signs to him I wanted to go 
in and get my hat ; for I desired to see what 
they had done with the wounded. The In- 
dians sent in a boy Avho brought out a hat 
and threw it down to me, and I could not 
get in the house. Three Indians came up to 
me and pulled ofi' my coat. My feeble pow- 
ers cannot describe the dismal scenes here 
exhibited. I saw my fellow soldiers, naked 
and Avounded, crawling out of the houses to 
avoid being consumed in the flames. Some 
that had not been able to turn themselves on 
their beds for four days, through fear of be- 
ing burned to death, arose and walked out 
and about through the yard. Some cried 
for help, but there were none to help them. 
"Ah!" exclaimed numbers, in the ano-uish 
of their spirit, "what shall we do?" A num- 
ber, unable to get out, miserably perished in 

* I was since informed that Col. Elliott instructed the 
interpreters to leave the -Rounded, after dark, to the 
mercy of the savages. They all went off, except one half- 
Indian. 



WINCHESTER'S CAMPAIGN". 61 

the unrelenting flames of the houses, kindled 
by the more unrelenting savages. Now the 
scenes of cruelty and murder we had been 
anticipating with dread, during last night, 
fully commenced. The savages rushed on 
the wounded, and, in their barbarous manner, 
shot, and tomahawked, and scalped them ; and 
cruelly mangled their naked bodies while 
they lay agonizing and weltering in their 
blood. A number were taken towards Mai- 
den, but being unable to march with speed, 
were inhumanly massacred. The road was, 
for miles, strewed with the mangled bodies, 
and all of them were left like those slain in 
battle, on the 22d, for birds and beasts to tear 
in pieces and devour. The Indians plundered 
the town of everything valuable, and set the 
best houses on fire. The Indian who claimed 
me, gave me a coat, and when he had got as 
much plunder as he could carry, he ordered 
me, by signs, to march, which I did, with ex- 
treme reluctance, in company with three of 
the wounded and six or seven Indians. In 
travelling about a quarter of a mile, two of 
the wounded lagged behind about twenty 
yards. The Indians, turning round, shot one 
and scalped him. They shot at the other and 
missed him ; he, running up to them, begged 
that they would not shoot him. He said he 
would keep up, and give them money. But 
these murderers were not moved with his 
6 



62 winchestee's campaig^^ 

doleful cries. Thej shot Mm down; and, 
rushing on him in a crowd, scalped him. In 
like manner my brother Allen perished. He 
marched with difficulty after the wounded, 
about two or three hundred yards, and was 
there barbarously murdered. M}^ feelings 
at the sight and recollection of these inhuman 
butcheries cannot be described. In addition 
to these deep sorrows for the mournful fate 
of my companions, and the cruel death of a 
dear brother, I expected every moment, for 
a considerable time, that the same kind of 
cruelty and death would be my portion. The 
Indians that guarded me and one of the 
wounded, observing onr consternation, one 
that could talk English said, " We will not 
shoot you." This a little revived our hopes, 
that were almost gone ; - and he, having cut 

* Upon taking a view of these scenes of wo, who can 
avoid some such exclamation as the following ? Why has 
the all-seeing, beneficent Ruler of the universe delivered 
so many of our choice officers and brave soldiers into the 
hands of our enemies, to be slain in battle, and to lie un- 
buried, to be dragged away in the galling chains of cap- 
tivity, and to be put to torturing deaths by monsters of 
cruelty? Not, I presume, because of infidelity and in- 
justice towards our enemies; but owing to our ingratitude 
towards the God of armies ; and to our want of confidence 
in Jehovah — our pride, our too great confidence in our 
own wisdom, valor, and strength ; our unbelief — and a 
catalogue of vices too tedious to enumerate. Aggravated 
national crimes have involved us in heavy and complicated 
judgments I 



Winchester's campaign. 63 

a piece, liide and all, of a dead cow, started. 
It is their common practice to kill a cow or 
hog, and take a piece, and leave the rest. In 
travelling two miles, we came to a honse 
where there were two British officers; the 
Indian made a halt, and I asked one of the 
officers what the Indian was going to do with 
me ; he said he was going to take me to Am- 
herstburg (or Maiden). I judged these vil- 
lains had instructed the Indians to do what 
they had done. A few miles farther, we came 
to the Indian encampment, where there were a 
great many hallooing and yelling in a hideous 
manner. I thought this my place of destiny. 
The Indian took off my pack, broiled a piece 
of meat and gave me part ; this I ate merely 
in obedience to him. Then we started and 
arrived at Amherstburg, eighteen miles from 
Frenchtown. The other prisoners had just 
arrived. The British were firing their salute. 
The Indian took me into a house not far from 
the fort ; it was probably their council house ; 
it would have held 500. It was inhabited by 
a large number of squaws, children, and dogs. 
They welcomed me by giving me some bread, 
meat and hominy to eat. After this an In- 
dian asked me if I had a squaw ; I told him 
not ; he immediately turned round and talked 
to the squaws in Indian, while I sat in a pen- 
sive mood observing their motions. I dis- 
covered the squaws were pleased, by their 



64 Winchester's campaign. 

tittering and grinning ; one, I observed, liad 
a great desire to express lier joy by showing 
her teeth; but the length of time she had 
lived in this world had put it out of her pow- 
er. I suspected, from their manoeuvres, I 
would have to undergo a disagreeable adop- 
tion (as other prisoners had done) — and, 
what was a task still more unpleasant, to be 
united in the conjugal band to one of these 
swarthy, disgustful animals. The Indian 
asked me a few questions — where we had 
come from — how far it was — when we started 
— and if there were any more coming. In 
reply to these questions, I gave him but little 
satisfaction. After this they spread blankets 
down, and made signs for me to go to bed. I 
did, and soon fell asleep, as I was much fa- 
tigued and had not slept much for four nights 
past. Early next morning, the Indian col- 
lected his family and all his property, and 
started : I knew not where he was going ; he 
gave me a knapsack and gun to carry. Kow 
I despaired of getting with the other prison- 
ers, unless I could desert from the Indians! 
I expected I would be taken to an Indian 
town, there to undergo a disagreeable adop- 
tion, or to be burned to death with firebrands. 
As he took me near Fort Maiden, I took as 
good a view of it as I could while I passed it. 
It stands about thirty yards from the river 
bank. I judged it to be seventy or eighty 



Winchester's campaigx. 65 

yards square ; tlie wall appeared to be bnilt 
of timber and clay. The side, from the river, 
was not walled, but had double pickets, and 
entrenched round, about four feet deep ; and 
in the entrenchment was the second row of 
pickets. As we went on through the edge 
of town (Amherstburg) I asked an English- 
man where the other prisoners were? He 
said they were in town, in a wood-yard ; the 
Indian hurried me along and would not let 
me talk to the Englishman. The Indian had 
a little horse, packed with his plunder, which 
I resolved to take, if possible, and ride into 
town that nio-ht. 

He took me to his place of residence, about 
three miles from Maiden. I was anxious for 
the approach of night, so that I might make 
my escape. While I was consoling myself 
with the anticipation of seeing my fellow 
sufferers at Maiden, night made its approach. 
Some time after dark the Indian spread blank- 
ets down, and made signs for me to lie do^vn, 
and put m-y coat, shoes, and socks, under his 
own head. I A\^anted him to leave my socks 
on, for my feet would get cold ; he made- signs 
to warm them by the fire. Thus I was sadly 
disappointed. 

Next day he examined all his plunder. He 
had a very good suit of clothes, besides seve- 
ral other coats, socks, shoes, &c. ; among 
these were Wesley's Sermons and a great 

6^ 



Q6 wi:n'chestee's campaign. 

many papers, wliicli lie gave me to read. I 
found several old letters, but nothing of value. 
He discovered I wanted to shave, and got Ms 
razor, shaving-box, and a piece of glass, and 
made signs for me to shave. After this, I 
lay down on some blankets and fell asleep. 
He came and awoke me, and gave me a twist 
of tobacco, which I received as a token of 
friendship. In a short time after, he started 
to Maiden, and made signs for me to stay 
there till he would come back. He returned 
in the evening with a blanket, tied full of 
loaves of bread, just out of the oven, besides 
some meat. The Indians always gave me a 
plenty to eat ; and served me before any of 
the family, with more politeness than I ex- 
pected to find amongst them. He had drawn 
some money. I asked him to let me look at 
it. I found it to be pieces of cards with the 
number of livres written on them. 

The third night at length arrived ; and he 
made my bed as usual ; and took my coat 
and shoes, but accidentally left my socks on. 
I lay down with the determination to leave 
hini before morning. I slept very well for 
awhile. When I awoke, the house was dark. 
I thought this as good an opportunity of de- 
serting as I could get, but with considerable 
timidity I made the attempt. I crawled to 
the door very easily, and raised the blanket 
that hung up at the door; just as I was going 



Winchester's campaign. 67 

out lie couglied, and I stopped until I tliought 
lie was asleep, and then started, without shoes 
or coat, to Amherstburg. When I got there, 
I examined several yards and gardens to see 
if there was any fire. After going through 
many streets, 1 turned my course towards 
the river, and accidentally came to the house 
where the prisoners were. The sentinel, who 
was standing at the door, let me in without 
much ceremony. Providence smiled on this 
attempt to extricate myself from the Indians. 
Thus, through mercy, I escaped from the 
savages, and was delivered from the doleful 
apprehensions of being sacrificed in some 
barbarous and cruel manner, to gratify their 
bloodthirsty souls. I got in between two of 
my comrades who were lying next to the 
door. My feet were almost frozen before 
morning. 

During my captivity with the Indians, the 
other prisoners were treated very inhumanly. 
The first night, they were put in a wood-yard ; 
the rain commenced early in the night, and 
put out all their fires. In this manner they 
passed a tedious night, wet, and benumbed 
with cold. From this place they were taken 
to a cold warehouse, still deprived of fire, 
with their clothes and blankets frozen, and 
nothing to eat but a little bread. In this 
wretched condition they continued two days 
and three nights ! 



68 Winchester's campaign. 

2Qtli. The Indians came early in tlie morn- 
ing to search for me, but they were not ad- 
mitted into the house. The guard said it 
wonld be well for me to keep as mnch con- 
cealed as possible, for if the Indian I had left 
could get me he would kill me. He came to 
the door, and made motions to show how he 
would scalp me. I disguised myself by chang- 
ing my clothes and tying up my head, so that 
he did not know me. 

The prisoners being destined to Fort George, 
were divided in two didsions, the first to keep 
a day's march before the second, in order, 
probably, to be better supplied with provisions 
on the way. 

I being attached to the first division, the 
Indians examined the lines yqtj closely for 
me, but not possessing discernment sufficient 
to know me, I fortunately escaped. 

Maiden, or Amherstburg, is situated on the 
east side of Detroit Eiver, near its junction 
with Lake Erie, and contains about one hun- 
dred houses, mostly frame ; in lat. 42° 22' 
N., long. 8° 3' W. from Philadelphia. 

We set out from this town, and marched 
seventeen miles to Sandmch, a small town 
on the east side of Detroit Eiver, and one 
mile below Detroit ; it contains perhaps about 
three hundred inhabitants. We were divided 
in small companies, and put into different 



Winchester's campaign. 69 

houses, wliere we liad tlie happiness once more 
to see fire. 

21tJi, We drew a ration of bread and fresh 
beef, but no salt, and had no way of cooking 
the beef. We commenced our march at 1 
o'clock, and marched ten miles, part of the 
way on Lake St. Clair. In the evening we 
were conducted to cold barns, and there shut 
up till morning, deprived of fire. 

2Sth. We recommenced our march early, 
as cold a morning as ever I experienced, and 
continued twenty- four miles on Lake St. 
Clair ; at night we were conducted to a cold 
barn on the beach ; we lay without fire, ex- 
cept a few who could not get in, who had the 
happiness of encamping in the woods. 

2^tk. We again resumed our march, and 
continued on the lake fifteen miles to the 
mouth of La Tranche Kiver, called by some 
the Eiver Thames ; during this time we had 
to run to keep ourselves from freezing ; we 
continued up the river five miles, and stopped 
while the guard Avent in to warm and to get 
their dinner. Having drawn no provisions 
since we left Sandwich, some of the prisoners 
were driven to the necessity of picking up 
frozen potatoes and apple peelings that had 
been thrown out in the yard. One of the 
prisoners, being unable to keep pace with the 
rest, was left on the lake, but was accidentally 
overtaken by a sleigh and brought on. After 



70 Winchester's campaign. 

being in a stove room some time, he was led 
out to marcli, trembling Avitli cold. One of the 
guard observed, " he was a man of no spirit 
to freeze such a day as this." So barbarous 
were their dispositions and treatment, that I 
concluded we should die of cold and hunger. 
"We marched ten miles farther to Captain Dol- 
son's, where we were conducted into a large 
still-house. A number lodged below among 
the still-tubs by the fire ; the rest on the loft, 
where they were annoyed with the smoke. 
Some time in the night they brought us a 
little bread and meat. 

SOth. We drew two days' provisions, and 
cooked it. 

Slst. It snowed all day ; notwithstanding, 
we marched twenty -four miles and Avere shut 
up in a barn wet and cold. Going to a barn 
to lodge so cold an evening was like ap- 
proaching a formidable enemy, for we ex- 
pected to perish with cold in the dreary dwell- 
ing. Many got their feet frostbitten. We tried 
in vain to keep our shoes from freezing by 
putting them under our heads. 

February 1. We continued our march twen- 
ty-two miles in a thinly settled country, and 
passed through the Moravian nation of In- 
dians; in the evening we encamped in the 
woods. 

2d. We marched twenty-two miles, suffer- 
ing greatly both with hunger and cold. In 



Winchester's campaign. 71 

the evening we arrived at Delaware township, 
a small settlement on the River La Tranche. 
We were divided into small companies, and 
were permitted to lodge in houses by fires. 

Sd. We had been two days without provi- 
sions. Here we drew rations for three davs. 
Capt. Dolson left us to-day; the prisoners 
must forever detest his baseness and cruelty. 
We resumed our march in the evening and 
continued five miles, notwithstanding the 
snow was two feet deep, and it was then snow- 
ing. We were better treated by our new guard. 

4:th. We marched twenty-six miles to the 
head waters of the River Thames, to Oxford 
township, a settlement of ten or twelve miles 
in length. 

6th. We marched two miles, and were de- 
tained for a supply of provisions.^-' After being 

■^ Here we met a number of the 41st regiment of British, 
regulars, just from Fort George, going to Maiden to sup- 
ply the places of those who were killed on the 22d of 
January, at Frenchtown. They appeared to be very 
sociable, generally of the Irish descent. One of their 
officers said, "In a few weeks the}^ would drive General 
Harrison and all his army along there." " Yes," replied 
James Allen* (who was one of my messmates), "before 
that time your Irish hides will be riddled so that they 
would not hold hickory nuts." 

Another of that party said, "What nonsensical things 



* This Allen is the same who fought the duel with Fuller, near Fort 
Massac, who was supposed to be a British spy, before the commence- 
ment of the war. Fuller, after having been twice Icnocked down by 
Allen's balls, was found to have a Dutch blanket folded, and a quire 
of paper over his cowaedly breast as a shield. Allen was not injured. 



72 WINCHESTEPv'S CAMPAIGN. 

supplied we continued our marcli in tlie 
evening tliree miles fartlier, and where we 
lodged were treated very civilly by the in- 
habitants. 

Qth. After marching twenty-four miles, 
principally through a wilderness, we arrived 
at Burford township.'^ 

those leather stocks were -which we -vrore, •with the sign 
of the eagle pecking out the eyes of the lion." Said Allen, 
'• This is only the shadow, the substance will soon follow." 
* Six of us, who formed a mess, stopped at a Major 
Boon's, and asked him "if we might stay all night." He 
said we could. His father, who lived with him, let us 
know he had been a Tory major in the Amcricnn revolu- 
tiou. He said "he had lived in the Jerseys, and had one 
of Lord Howe's commissions in the house then, and was 
a half-pay officer." He said "the Americans would have 
no possible chance to take Canada, for the British next 
spring would bring seventy thousand Indians from the 
north-v.'est, and as many negroes from St. Domingo, be- 
sides three hundred thousand Turks !" Said James Allen, 
" I suppose you will set dogs on us next I" The old fel- 
low said "it was very evident the Lord was on their 
side!" Then said Allen, "If the Lord has joined with 
the British, savages, and negroes, to massacre his own 
people, it is surprising I But I rather think it is only 
your Canadian lord that acts in this manner." The old 
fellow then ordered him out of the house. He told him 
"he was very well suited in a room, and would stay till 
morning." They still continued arguing. The old fellow 
said "We had no business on their soil," alluding to 
Frenchtown. Allen told him "v>-e were on our own 
soil." He said "it was a lie, for Michigan Territory was 
given up to them by General Hull." Said Allen, "Hull 

Wiis such a fellow as the d 1, who offered Christ all 

the kingdoms of the world if he would fall down and 
worship him ; when, poor old sneaking Avheli^, he did not 



Winchester's campaign". 73 

1th. In marcliing thirty miles to a little 
village near the head of Lake Ontario, we 

own a foot on earth." Said Boon, " You had better stayed 
away, for all you have done ; the Major who commanded 
the Indians on the 18th was here a few nights ago, and 
said there was not one killed, and but three wounded." 
Said Allen, " I would not believe my father if he were to 
tell me so, for I saw a number that were killed and scalped 
and lay on the snow for days ; and if there were but three 
wounded, there must have been an abundance of blood 
in them to have stained the snow for miles square." Said 
he, "Did you scalp them? you are bloody dogs." "Yes," 
said Allen, "you might say so, if we had hired the sa- 
vages to kill your women and children, and massacre and 
burn your wounded, when we had promised to take care 
of them." He said " the British had never hired the In- 
dians to kill women and children ; they were too humane 
a people to do so." "Yes," said Allen, "they showed 
humanity in the time of the American Revolution, when 
they paid the Indians for infants' scalps that were taken 
out of their mothers' wombs ; they call themselves Christ- 
ians, and when the Indians sent home to them scalps, 
from the unborn infant to the gray hairs, in bales like 
goods, they had days of feasting, rejoicing, and thanks- 
giving to the Lord, for the victory they had gained — the 

d 1 would be ashamed to acknowledge such a people 

as any part of his offspring." The old fellow again or- 
dered him out of the house; but Allen told him "he 
would go in the morning." Allen said "we had more 
friends in Canada than they had." "Yes," said he, 
"there are men mean enough to join against their own 
country." Allen replied, "none but a mean, low-lived 
wretch would fight against his own country." The old 
fellow took the hint, as he had been a tory, and got in a 
violent passion. He asked Allen " if he was not a Con- 
gi*essman?" Allen said "No." " Are you an Assembly- 
man?" " No." " Are you a Yankee lawyer ?" " No." 
"Well, you are a Yankee liar, then." Allen said, "if 

7 



74 Winchester's campaign. 

jDassed through the Mohawk Kation of In- 
dians on Grand Kiver, who are much whiter 
than any we have seen ; their mode of dress 
is not different from other Indian nations, 
and they have the same savage appearance ; 
we were informed that there are six nations 
on this river who hold a large body of the 
best land. 

Sth. We drew our rations and proceeded 
on sixteen miles. In going do^vn towards 
Lake Ontario, we descended a precipice up- 
vv'ards of two hundred feet into a level coun- 
try; this precipice extends across Niagara 
Eiver, and occasions those remarkable falls. 

9^;/^. We marched eio-hteen miles throuo^h 
a well-settled country. 

■we. were of an age, and on an equal footing, you would 
not give rae the lie so often." The old fellow told Allen 
"he must be an antediluvian, for he appeared to know 
all things that had passed, and all the crimes that Eng- 
land ever committed seemed to be fresh on his mind ; he 
supposed he was one of the greatest enemies the British 
had." Allen said " he had done his best; and if he was 
exchanged he would shoot at them as long as he could 
crook his finger to draw the trigger." A young woman 
who was in the house said "we were only coming to 
drive them off their lands." Allen said "we were only 
coming to set them free, so that those lands might be 
their own, and not King George's." She said "the Ame- 
ricans that were killed at Queenstown had deeds in their 
pockets for all their best plantations." Said Allen "I 
must believe it because you say so, but if I had seen it 
myself I would not." 

The old fellow's passion subsided, and Allen and he 
were friendly. 



Winchester's campaign. 75 

10th. We marclied sixteen miles to New- 
ark, lately called Niagara West ; it contains 
about five linndred inhabitants ; many of the 
buildings are handsome, composed of brick 
and stone ; it has several churches, an aca- 
demy, six taverns, and about twenty stores ; 
it is situated on the west side of Niagara 
Eiver, in lat. 43° 15' N., long. 4° west; Fort 
George stands at the upper end of the 
town. 

We continued here no longer than was 
necessary to make arrangements to cross the 
river. A British officer took dowm our names, 
and the regiment and company we belonged 
to, and said "we must not take up arms 
against Great Britain and her allies until 
legally exchanged." Thus we were parolled ; 
they hoisted a Bag and took us across Niagara 
Eiver,* which is about one-quarter of a mile 

* The second division, •who had been used far better 
than the first, arrived the day following, and were pa- 
rolled in like manner, amounting in all to five hundred 
and twelve. 

Particular inquiiies were made respecting the British 
loss in the battle of the 22d, while passing through Ca- 
nada. The loyalists stated their loss to be very trifling ; 
some would say fifteen killed, and others twenty-five. 
But different persons, in whom we had reason to place 
confidence, stated their loss to be very considerable — 
about six hundred killed and wounded, and amongst 
these Col. St. George. This account will not be consi- 
dered exaggerated, when reflecting on the length of time 
they were exposed to a deliberate and well-directed fire 



76 winchestee's campaign. 

wide to Fort Niagara, wliich is situated at 
the junction of Niagara Eiver and Lake On- 
tario, in New York State ; it is strongly for- 
tified, and well supplied -with artillery. 



A FEW REMARKS RESPECTING UPPER CANADA 
AND ITS INHABITANTS. 

From Maiden to Sandwich, and a consider- 
able distance up St. Clair, resembles a level 
plain thickly interspersed with farms and 
houses; many places look like little villages. 
The houses are principally frame, and have 
an ancient appearance. Besides being well 
supplied with grain from their farms, they re- 
ceive considerable benefit from their orchards. 

The Kiver La Tranche is a considerable 
navigable stream, and runs a westerly course 
into Lake St. Clair ; the land near it is rich 
and fertile; the timber is oak, ash, hickory, 
walnut, sugar -tree, &c. It is thickly settled 
as far as Moraviantown ; but, from the river 

from our troops... the number that was seen lying on the 
ground after they retreated, and the number of sleighs 
loaded -with their bloody guns. 



wi^^chester's campaign. 77 

on the nortli side, is an extensive wilderness 
of poor swampy land. From Moraviantown 
to Grand Eiver is a wilderness of poor pinej 
land, except Delaware, Oxford, and Burford 
townships, whicli are tolerable settlements. 
From Grand Eiver to Fort George, is a rich, 
well-settled country, particularly along Lake 
Ontario. The inhabitants are composed of 
English, French, Dutch, and a great many 
emigrants from the United States. The 
whole has been estimated at eighty thousand; 
besides these, there are unknown numbers of 
Indians. The Canadians are generally a well- 
looking people, remarkably fair, but not well 
informed. They do not set a great vakie on 
education, and it is not encouraged by the 
government. Although their laws appear to 
be moderate, yet neither the freedom of speech 
nor the freedom of the press is encouraged. 
The officers are haughty and tyrannical in 
the execution of their orders. I learned that 
a majority" of the inhabitants were in favor 
of the United States government, and many 

* An inhabitant near the head of Lake Ontario heard 
of the prisoners, and went to see them. He began to 
talk to one, judging him to be an American officer, and 
telling him he had more friends in Canada than the British 
had, and if he wanted money, or any assistance, he should 
be accommodated. The poor fellow soon found his mis- 
take, that he was talking to a British officer, just from 
Fort George. 



78 win'chestek's campaign". 

had concealed themselves to avoid taking up 
arms. 

The British forces consist of regulars, 
flankers, militia, Negroes^ and Indians. Agree- 
ably to an act of their assembly in 1812, their 
flankers are riflemen, volunteered or drafted 
for the term of six months, and lousier if not 
then relieved. The militia cannot be called 
into service for more than twenty days, un- 
less their country is invaded. I heard of two 
companies of Negroes^ runaways from Ken- 
tucky, and other States, who are commanded 
by white men. A great many of the Indians 
are stationed near the lines, who can be called 
to arms at a minute's warnino-. 

1 1 th. After regaling ourselves on the plenty 
of food and drink afforded us in the land of 
liberty, we set our faces homewards. One 
mile from Niagara Fort, we came to Salt Bat- 
tery ; it was composed of barrels of salt and 
dirt. From this they could play upon Fort 
George. We proceeded up the river eight 
miles to Lewistown, which is on the east bank 
of Niagara Eiver, opposite Queenstown, and 
contains only a few houses ; eight miles far- 
ther, we came to Grand Niagara, a small vil- 
lage on the east bank of Niagara Eiver just 
above the 'falls, and nearly opposite Chippe- 
way. Above the falls, in the middle of the 
river, is an island about three hundred yards 



Winchester's campaign. 79 

long, the lower end of wliicli is just at tlie 
perpendicular edge of tlie fall. On both 
sides of this island, all the waters of the 
rivers and lakes to the north-west, fall down 
a precipice of one hundred and thirty-seven 
feet perpendicular, and fall near as much more 
in a" rapid of nine miles below. Before the 
water comes to the fall, as it passes the island, 
it seems in swiftness to outfly an arrow. 

lltJi. We arrived at Black Eock, nineteen 
miles above the falls. Here is a considerable 
village, a navy yard, and three batteries well 
furnished ynih. cannon. It took its name- 
from its rocky situation. From this we con- 
tinued on two miles and a half to Buffalo, 
the capital of Buffalo county, New York 
State. It is situated at the'foot of Lake Erie, 
opposite to Fort Erie. 

We continued at Buffalo one day, on ac- 
count of the badness of the weather, and then 
coiitinued our march thirty -two miles on the 
lake, and then marched through a well-set- 
tled cou.ntry to Erie, the county town of Erie 
county, in Pennsylvania. It is ninety miles 
from Buffalo, and is situated on the south- 
east shore of Lake Erie. We proceeded on 
by the way of Waterford and Meadville, one 
hundred and twenty miles, to Pittsburgh, and 
from Pittsburgh to Kentucky, by water. 

Language fails to express the emotions I 



80 , Winchester's campaign. 

felt on arriving safely at home, to enjoy the 
caresses and society of dear friends, after 
having endured so much fatigue, and having 
been so often exposed to imminent danger ; 
and having so frequently expected death, at- 
tended with all the horrors of Indian cruelty. 



NARRATIVE 



OF 



MR. TIMOTHY MALLARY. 



During tlie battle on the 22d January, 
1813, at Frenclitown, on the River Raisin, 
between the combined forces of British, 
Canadians, and Indians, and the American 
forces, I received a wonnd from a piece of 
plank, which had been split off by a cannon 
ball. It struck me on the side, and unfortu- 
nately broke three of my ribs. The battle 
having terminated in favor of the combined 
forces, and I not being able to travel with 
those American prisoners who were to march 
immediately for Maiden, I remained on the 
grou.nd until the next morning, with the rest 
of my wounded countrymen, who had re- 
ceived a solemn promise from the British 
commander, that they should be taken to 
Maiden in sleighs. 

This sacred promise was not regarded ! It 
was sacrificed on the altar of savage bar- 
barity ! to the god of mu.rder and cruelty ! 



82 mallary's narrative. 

Instead of sleighs, Indians were sent prepared 
to murder these unfortunate victims! who, 
after they had executed in part their purpose 
on the ground where we lay, ordered several 
other prisoners and myself to march for Mai- 
den. We had not proceeded far before they 
tomahawked four of this number, amongst 
whom was Captain Hart, of Lexington. He 
had hired an Indian to take him to Maiden. 
I saw part of this hire paid to the Indian. 

After having taken him some distance, an- 
other Indian demanded him, saying that he 
was his prisoner ; the hireling would not give 
him up; the claimant, finding that he could 
not get him alive, shot him in the left side 
with a pistol. Capt. Hart still remained on 
his horse ; the claimant then ran up, struck 
him with a tomahawk, pulled him off his 
horse, scalped him, and left him lying there. 

We proceeded on until we came wdthin 
three miles of Bro^vnstown, where we en- 
camped for the night. The next day we 
proceeded on to their encampment, seven or 
eight miles from Detroit, on the Eiver Eouge, 
which appeared to be head-quarters. They 
were furnished at this place with bark wig- 
wams; here was a large number of squaws 
and children, I suppose two thousand. 

They here stripped off my clothes, and 
dressed me after the Indian manner. They 
shaved off my hair, except a small quantity 



mallary's xakrative. 83 

on the top of my head, which they left for 
the purpose of rendering the task of scalping 
more easy. They bored my ears, which they 
supplied plentifully with ear-rings, frequently 
by hanging one in another, like the links of 
a chain. They wanted to bore my nose, but 
I objected, and they did not insist. They 
frequently painted my face one-half black 
and the other red, and frequently with red 
and black streaks. 

Shortly after our arrival at these encamp- 
ments, I was adopted into a Pottowatomie 
family that had lost a son in the battle at the 
Eiver Eaisin. 

I was presented to this family by an Indian 
whose name was Ke-wi-ex-him. He intro- 
duced me to my father and mother, brothers 
and sisters, and instructed me to call them 
by these respective appellations. My father's 
name was Asa Cliij)savL\ after whom they call 
me ; they asked me if I had a squaw ; I an- 
swered in the negative, at which they ap- 
peared well pleased, and brought me a squaw, 
urging me to marry her. I refused, and told 
them when I got well I would accede to the 
proposals ; this they took as a great offence. 
After having made themselves acquainted 
with the situation of my wound, they made 
a tea of sassafras and cherry-tree barks, which 
was the only drink I was permitted to take 
for fifteen days. 



84 mallary's narrative. 

They frequently took me to Detroit, for 
tlie purpose of helping tliem to pack provi- 
sions from thence to their encampment. But 
they would not suffer me to talk to the in- 
habitants of that place. Fifteen loaves of 
bread, weighing three pounds each, ten 
pounds of pork or beef, and a peck of corn, 
was what they drcAV for six days. This would 
not last more than half that time ; the remain- 
ing part they lived upon fragments of dog 
or horse meat. They appeared indifferent 
whether they had killed the animal that day 
themselves, or whether it had died by some 
accidental cause seven or eight days prior to 
their eating it. 

They appointed me cook. I then had to 
undergo much fatigue in getting wood, <fec., 
for they lent no assistance. Their customary 
wav of cookino' is to boil the meat and make 
soup, which they immediately devour without 
salt. 

They have drunken frolics, whenever they 
can get any kind of spirits to drink. When 
these frolics take place the squaws hid me, 
to prevent them from murdering me. Once 
I was hid in some brush and deprived of food 
for four days, during which time there was 
a continual uproar in the camp, as though they 
had been killing each other. 

The squaws, who frequently visited me, 
and to whom I as often applied for something 



jiallary's narrative. 85 

to eat, informed me tliat there could be no- 
thing had until the men got sober, who would 
then either kill provisions, or draw from 
Detroit. On the fourth day, when I had 
given up to perish, they brought me a piece 
of a dog cooked without salt, and although 
you may feel squeamish when I mention it, 
yet it was to me the sweetest morsel that I 
ever recollect to have eaten. 

During my stay with them I saw them 
take a number of scalps to Maiden, for which 
they said they received from four to six dol- 
lars each, either in whiskey or store goods. 
They said they got thirty-seven scalps at the 
battle of the 18th, and upwards of four hun- 
dred at that of the 22d January. I replied, 
that there were only ten scalped on the 18th. 
They said "Yankee d — d lie;" and they fur- 
ther stated, that they had only two killed on 
the 18th. I replied, Indian d — d lie, for I 
saw myself twelve dead on the field. I asked 
them how many British and Indians were at 
the Eiver Eaisin, on the 22d January ; they 
replied, that there were two thousand five 
hundred Indians, and one thousand British. 

They would frequently make motions imi- 
tating the Americans when they were scalp- 
ing them, by turning, twisting, mourning, 
&c. ; this was done to aggravate me. 

They once gave me a jug of whiskey, re- 
questing me to drink. I drank what satis- 
8 



86 iLiLLARY'S NARRATIVE. 

fied me, and offered them tlie jug again — 
they insisted on me to drink more ; I put the 
jug to my head, but did not drink ; they dis- 
covered the cheat, and cried out "Yankee no 
good man, d — d lie ;" they then made me 
drink until they could hear it gurgle in my 
throat. 

About three weeks before the battle at the 
Eapids, the squaws and boys were employed 
in dressing deer-skins, which were to equip 
the warriors for their march thither. During 
this time, the warriors were collecting and 
dancing the war dance. They informed me 
that they were going to Quo-by-ghaw, which 
I learned from the French, was the Eapids. 
I further learned that the British had pro- 
mised them the possession of Fort Meigs, as 
well as the disposal of Gen. Harrison. They 
then calculated on Fort Meigs as their chief 
place of deposit, from which they could make 
incursions into the State of Ohio, kill a vast 
number of the inhabitants, and satisfy them- 
selves with plunder. They calculated on 
having a three days' frolic in the burning of 
Gen. Harrison. 

Two weeks before their march for Fort 
Meii2fs, Tecumseh was with them. He was 
busily employed rallying those who were in- 
difi'erent about going to the battle, and encou- 
raging those who had volunteered ; amongst 
other persuasive arguments to volunteer, he 



ilALLARY'S NARRATIVE. 87 

made use of these, viz. : tliat Fort Meigs was 
badly constructed and illy defended ; assert- 
ing that they could take it without the loss 
of a man. But, if this could not be effected, 
he would then lead them on to Fort Wayne, 
which would certainly fall an easy prey to 
them. He then left them, and went to the 
Wabash to bring his warriors, who were 
stationed at that place. 

Previous to the march of the Indians, they 
took bark of swamp willow, and tobacco, 
mixed them together, and pulverized them. 
They then formed a circle round a fire which 
had been prepared for that purpose, and one 
rose and delivered a speech, I understood, 
relative to the war. At the conclusion of the 
speech, they passed this powder around the 
circle, each individual taking a pinch as it 
passed ; each then snuffed a part of this por- 
tion, and threw the remaining part in the 
fire. After this had been performed with 
the greatest solemnity, one took the snuff 
which yet remained in the vessel, and threw 
it in the fire. They then took up their packs, 
raised the scalp halloo, waved their tomahawks 
over their heads, and marched for battle. 

There were three thousand who drew four 
days' rations at Detroit. When they left us, 
they told us to be good boys, and stay there 
till they came back, and they would bring 
some more Yankees, who should cook, and 



88 i^iallaky's naeeative. 

do all the hard work, and we might go with 
them hunting. 

They left us in care of the squaws and a 
few old men. 

We had no other way by which to get free 
from this unpleasant situation, but deserting 
them ; for they had been offered one hundred 
dollars each, for four of us, by the citizens of 
Detroit, but refused it. These four were 
Major Graves, Samuel Ganoe, John Daven- 
port, and myself. 

Thinking this as favorable an opportunity 
as we could get, I requested Samuel Ganoe 
to set off with me; he readily consented, and 
we set off just at dark, and ran to Detroit, 
which was eight miles, and got to the house 
of Mr. H., who concealed us in his cellar. 
He had a hole dug in the bottom of his cellar 
six or eight feet deep, for the purpose of keep- 
ing potatoes ; and in this we were put, and 
he laid planks over it, and threw dirt on the 
planks, which caused it to bear so nice a sem- 
blance to the other part of the cellar, that the 
Indians could not distinguish it from the 
common bottom. This dismal dungeon was 
our abode for half a day, during which time 
the Indians came, and searched carefully for 
us, but in vain. After they were gone, Mr. 
H. asked a British officer if he would take 
the care of us. He replied in the affirmative, 
and then sent us immediately to the fort at 



mallaky's naekative. 89 

Detroit, where we were kept two days, tlie 
Indians still searcliing for us. On tlie second 
niglit about midnight, we were sent to Sand- 
wich, and kept there two days with but little 
to eat, and then sent to Maiden. We found 
the force at Maiden to consist of sixty Cana- 
dian French, besides eighty who had received 
wounds at the Kiver Kaisin, and who would 
no doubt remain invalids for life. We also 
found stationed at Maiden, James Girty, who, 
I was informed, was brother to the infamous 
Simon Girty; his business was to receive 
scalps from the Indians ; his pay for this ser- 
vice was three dollars per week. I saw here 
about half a bushel of scalps in a kettle ! the 
number I cannot guess at. 

After every e?:ertion to take Fort Meigs 
had failed, the British returned to Maiden, 
cursing Harrison for a rabbit, which they 
swore had burrowed, and which they could 
not take in that situation. 

From Maiden we were taken across to 
Cleveland, on the 16th day of May, 1813. 

The following prisoners were with the In- 
dians at the time I was a prisoner, viz. : Ma- 
jor Graves, Jarret Dougherty, Thomas Jones, 
Joseph Foddre, and John Fightmaster ; the 
latter of whom had deserted from us, was 
brought back, and made to ride the wooden 
horse. He then deserted to the Indians, 

8* 



90 mallary's narrative. 

swearing — lie had rather stay with them than 
ride Winchester's English mare again. 

I heard of three other prisoners, but do not 
remember their names; two of whom were 
about twenty miles from Detroit, and the 
other near Maiden. 

From Cleveland nothing worth relating 
occnrred until I arrived at home, in Bourbon 
county, Kentucky ; where I found my friends 
all in good health, my father excepted, who 
had gone to face the same enemy from whom 
I had just made my escape. 



NARRATIVE 

OF 

MR. JOHN DAVENPORT 



During the battle wliicli was fought od the 
18th of January, 1813, between the American 
forces, under the command of Colonel Lewis, 
and the combined British and Indians, I re- 
ceived a wound in my right leg by a ball 
which fractured the bone, but did not en- 
tirely break it. After the battle was over I, 
with many others who were also wounded, 
was carried off the field and put in a house, 
where we remained until after the battle of 
the 2 2d, when we were surrendered prisoners 
of war to the British. I remained here during 
the night of the 2 2d, with the expectation of 
being carried to Maiden the next day, but in 
this I was disappointed. On the morning of 
the 23d I witnessed the most horrid scenes 
of cruelty imaginable ; for the British, instead 
of sending sleighs, as was most solemnly pro- 
mised, to convey the wounded prisoners to 
Maiden, sent the Indians, who, after selecting 



92 davenpoet's narrative. 

a few from amongst tlie wounded, toma- 
hawked and scalped the rest in the most 
savage and cruel manner that malice could 
invent, or devils incarnate execute, and set 
fire to the houses in which they had been 
and burned them to ashes ! Then, instead of 
going to Maiden, they took me to Browns- 
town, where I had nothing to eat except a 
little parched corn. While I was at Browns- 
town an Indian asked me whether I had a 
squaw, to which I answered in the negative. 
He then replied, " We make an Indian of you^ 
and hy'n hy you have a squaio^ hy''n hy you 
have a gun and horse and go a l\untingr The 
next day we proceeded on our march until 
we came near the Eiver Eouge, where the 
Indians procured some provisions, consisting 
of fresh meat, but no salt. From here we 
set off again and travelled slowly (I rather 
think to favor the wounded) until we arrived 
at their encampment, three or four miles 
from Detroit, at which place there were a 
number of squaws and children who had 
taken up winter quarters. 

As soon as we had arrived at this place I 
was presented to an old squaw, whom the 
Indians instructed me to call by the appella- 
tion of mother. This old witch, as I took 
her to be, had lost two sons at the Eiver 
Eaisin ; I had therefore to supply the place 
of one of them, and thus had to become the 



DAVENPORT'S NARRATIVE. 93 

adopted son of the most hideous of all ani- 
mals that ever roamed over the forests of 
Worth America. After this they dressed my 
wound for the first time, which now appeared 
to be getting well fast ; in the next place they 
trimmed my hair off, except a small quantity 
on the top of my head, and painted me ; then 
adorned me with ear-rings, bracelets, &c. and 
put a band' of silver round my head. By 
this time I began to look yerj stylish, or 
rather made as uncouth and grotesque a 
figure as any of my copper-colored brethren. 

While we remained at this place Mr. Ga- 
briel Godfrey, a citizen of Detroit, offered the 
Indians $100 for my ransom, which they re- 
fused. I now began to conclude that there 
were no other means of extricating myself 
from bondage, unless it were by flight, and 
therefore determined to embrace the first 
opportunity that presented. In a few days 
after, the Indians presented a squaw to me, 
who appeared to have little more of humanity 
than the form, but equally as detestable as 
my mother^ although she was younger. This 
ugly looking creature the Indians told me I 
should marry! I confess I never was so 
shocked at the thoughts of matrimony in my 
life ! I told them " no good squawk They 
then brought several more of those inhuman 
looking creatures, whom I understood were 
also candidates for conjugal felicity. I told 



94 Davenport's narrative. 

tTiem '■''hi/n hy I have a squawk This ap- 
peared to satisfy them, at the present time ; 
in this manner I frequently had to put them 
off. 

They frequently solicited me to wear a 
breech-clout, which I always refused. One 
time my mother discovered me mending my 
pantaloons ; thinking this a good opportunity 
to get me to wear one, she immediately 
brought one, which I took hold of and said 
" no good," then threw it down and stamped 
it. At the sight of this she was very much 
enraged, and scolded desperately to herself 
in her own Indian dialect. I have often won- 
dered since that they did not kill me for dis- 
obeying their orders, for I was extremely 
obstinate, and scarcely ever complied with 
their injunctions. 

Notwithstanding my disobedience, the In- 
dians treated me as well as was in their 
power, especially my mother, who was very 
kind to me. Some considerable time I had 
to eat my victuals without salt. I knew they 
had none, yet I would always ask for some. 
My old mother, after some time, procured 
some for me, which she kept hid to prevent 
the others from making use of it, and never 
failed to give me a small portion when I was 
eating. 

Intoxication is practised by the squaws as 
well as the men; they frequently have drunk- 



davenpokt's narrative. 95 

en frolics, at wliicli times it is dangerous for 
prisoners to be amongst tliem. During these 
frantic revels tlie prisoners are kept hid by 
the squaws (a part of whom keep sober) to 
keep them from being murdered. One night, 
after the rest had gone to bed, my mother, 
who had stayed out later than usual, came in, 
sat down, and began to sing; she did not 
appear to be in her senses ; I soon discovered 
that this old priestess of Bacchus had got 
very drunk. In this mood she seized hold 
of the fire and threw it on those who were 
sleeping round the fire, which soon caused 
them to rise ; she then jumped into the fire 
and danced until she had burned the soles of 
her moccasons off. 

They continued here about a month, and 
then removed about eight miles on the River 
Eouge, in order to prepare for making sugar. 
While we were employed- at this busines a 
Frenchman persuaded me to marry a squaw, 
if they insisted, for I would then be treated 
with more respect, and consequently would 
have greater liberties. After mature con- 
sideration, I thought probably this would be 
the best plan I could adopt, in order to make 
my escape, and therefore resolved to marry 
the next one that was presented to me. It 
was not long before they brought me a squaw 
(the most decent looking one I had seen), 
whom I resolved to marrv without hesita- 



96 Davenport's naerative. 

tion. I however, when just on the point of 
forming a connubial alliance with her, was 
prevented by an Indian, who claimed her as 
his squaw. 

Several weeks before the battle of Fort 
Meigs, the Indians began to collect and dance 
the war-dance. 

Just before the Indians marched they pre- 
pared a number of hoops, both ends of which 
they stuck in the ground and spread their 
blankets over them. In this place they put 
hot stones, threw water on them, and then 
went in themselves and remained until they 
were wet with sweat. This I conjectured 
was done in the way of devotion, or in im- 
ploring the assistance of the Great Spirit in 
their intended expedition. 

When the Indians marched I was com- 
mitted to the care of the squaws and a few 
old invalids. Thinking this the most favor- 
able opportunity I could get, I was deter- 
mined to put my plan in execution. At night 
I lay down with the intention of starting 
when the moon arose, but overslept my time 
and did not awake till daylight. I arose and 
started, notwithstanding I was apprehensive 
of being discovered, and ran directly to De- 
troit, a distance of about nine miles, probably 
in as short a time as any Indian in the nation 
could have performed the same journey. 



Davenport's narrative. 97 

As soon as I had arrived at Detroit I went 
to Mr. T. S's, wlio had persuaded me to run 
away, and he and his friends wonld conceal 
me, which they did accordingly. It was but 
a short time before a Frenchman, of the name 
of Shover, and some squaws, came in search 
of me, but could not find me. 

From here I was sent to Sandwich, and 
concealed there two days, and suffered ex- 
tremely for provisions. From Sandwich I 
was sent to Maiden, where I found six of my 
fellow-prisoners, who, together with myself, 
were kept under close confinement in the 
fort for three weeks. While we remained 
here we frequently heard from the Eapids, 
but the news was always favorable on the 
British side. One morning an old man, who 
looked as if he had just emerged from the 
lower regions, came into the fort and ex- 
claimed, " good news, gentlemen ! good news ! 
we have killed fifteen hundred Yankees^ and 
have taken Harrison and all the rest that 
were at the fort prisoners ! !" I was informed 
afterwards that this old man was the noto- 
rious Simon Girty, so much renowned for 
cruelty and slaughter, and who has delighted 
in the shrieks of dying women and expiring 
infants ! 

From the most correct information I could 
obtain, their forces at the siege of Fort Meigs, 
9 



98 davenpoet's narrative. 

consisting of Britisli regulars, Canadian mi- 
litia, and Indians, amounted to 5,000 ! 

From Maiden I was taken across to Cleve- 
land, and from there I pursued my journey 
towards tlie delightful regions of Kentucky, 
where I arrived in Montgomery county, in 
June, 1813.- 



THE BATTLE OF RAISIN, 

ON THE 22d of JANUARY, 1813. 

On Raisin darkness reigned around, 
And silent was the tented ground, 
Where weary soldiers slept profound, 
Far in the wintery wilderness. 

No danger did the sentry fear. 

No wakeful watch at midnight drear ; 

But ah ! the foe approaches near, 

Through forests frowning awfully. 

And ere the sun had risen bright. 
Fast flashing 'mid the stormy fight, 
The thundering cannon's livid light 

Glared on the eye most frightfully. 

Then deadly flew the balls of lead ! 
Then many of the foemen bled. 
And thrice their banded legion fled, 
Before Kentucky's bravery. 

And long our heroes' swords prevail : 
But hist ! that deep and doleful wail — 
Ah ! freedom's sons begin to fail. 

Oppressed by numbers battling. 

Else ! rise ! ye volunteers, arise ! 
Behold ! your right hand column flies ! 
And hark ! yon shout which rends the skies ! 
Where Indians yell tumultuously. 

Rush o'er the bloody field of fame, 
Drive back the savage whence he came ! 
For glory 'waits the victor's name, 
Returning home exultingly. 

'Tis done. The dreadful fight is o'er ; 
Thick clouds of smoke are seen no more — 
The snowy plain is red with gore, 

Where fell the friends of liberty. 

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